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Ms. cattoi
biology midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| proteins embedded into the cell membrane;regulates water | Aquaporin |
| the basic structure of all living things | cell |
| thin outer covering;regulates what enters/leaves the cell;protects and supports the cell | cell membrane |
| 1. all living things are composed of 1 or more cells 2. cells are the basic structure of all living things 3. cells come from existing cells | Cell theory |
| barrier tht provides support and protects the cell | cell wall |
| organelles made up of microtubules that function during cell division; found in ANIMALS ONLY!!! | centriole |
| jelly like fluid that keeps all organelles in place | cytoplasm |
| supporting network of long thin fibers | cytoskeleton |
| cells that contain a nucleus | eukaryote |
| balance/equilibrium | homeostasis |
| made up of tissues | organ |
| made up of organs | organ system |
| each part of a cell with a specific job | organelle |
| cells that do not contain a nucleus;example) bacteria | prokaryote |
| made up of cells | tissue |
| stores food water and waste | vacuole |
| needs energy(ATP)to cross from low to high concentration | active transport |
| movement of particles from high to low concentrations | diffusion |
| move down(hi to low)the concentration gradient w/ the help of transport proteins | facilitated diffusion |
| higher concentration of solutes; water rushes in | hypertonic |
| lower concentration of solutes; water rushes out | hypotonic |
| equilibrium;equal on both sides | isotonic |
| 2 layer cell membrane w/proteins embedded in | lipid bilayer |
| movement of water across the membrane from high to low | osmosis/osmotic pressure |
| diffusion across a membrane from high to low with out work | passive transport |
| allows some substances to cross the cell membrane easier than others | selectively permeable |
| produce offspring from 1 parent;clones;identical to parent | asexual reproduction |
| cell death | apoptosis |
| cells divide to grow,repair or replace worn out cells | cell cycle |
| center of chromosome | centromere |
| half of the chromosome | chromatid |
| relaxed form of DNA in the nucleus (threads) | chromatin |
| exchange of genes | crossing over |
| division of the the cytoplasm; occurs during telophase | cytokinesis |
| all other body cell or somatic cells 2n | diploid |
| sex cells | gametes |
| egg and sperm 1n | haploid |
| matching pair of chromosomes from each parent | homologous |
| random distribution of alleles | law of independent assortment |
| union of egg and sperm;2 parents with one offspring | sexual reproduction |
| 4 chromatid | tetrad |
| fertilized egg (2n) 46 chromosomes | zygote |
| second main stage of the cell cycle during which the cells replicated DNA divides and two genetically diploid daughter cells are produced | mitosis |
| first stage of mitosis;cells chromatin condenses into chromosomes | prophase |
| chromosomes attach to spindle fibers and line up at the equator | metaphase |
| chromosomes seperate and pull to opposite poles | anaphase |
| final stage; produces 2 identical daughter cells due to cytokinesis | telaphase |
| gametes are formed divides into diploid cells | meiosis 1 |
| spindle apparatus form and the chromosomes condense;4 haploid cells | meiosis 2 |
| chemical energy | ATP |
| anabolic reaction | photosynthesis |
| channels that form the stroma | ATP synthase |
| self feeders (plants) | autotrophs |
| reactant from photosynthesis (raw material) | carbon dioxide |
| another name for the dark reaction | calvin cycle |
| traps the sunlight | chlorophyll |
| 32 ATPS | Electron transport |
| product of photosynthesis | glucose |
| animals obtain energy from others | heterotrophs |
| occurs in the stroma;makes sugar;doesnt require light | light independent |
| captures light and converts it to chemical energy;occurs in the thylakoids | light dependent |
| makes the sugar | stroma |
| disc like sacs | thylakoid |
| energy | NADP+/NADPH |
| made up of individual organisms of the sasme species | population |
| all nonliving things in an environment | abiotic factors |
| made up of the organisms an all nonliving things in an area | ecosystem |
| portion of earth that supports life | biosphere |
| all living organisms in an environment | biotic factors |
| eat both plants and animals | omnivores |
| eat only animals | carnivores |
| eat only plants | herbivores |
| eat or break down dead things | detritivores |
| takes in energy from the environment to make organic compounds; carbohydrate | primary consumers |
| only cycle that doesnt occur in the atmosphere (dirt) | phosphate cycle |
| moves through all 3 cycles bio,geo,and chemical | carbon cycle |
| the maximum number that can be supported by the environment | carrying capacity |
| a single species per unit area | population density |
| the total variety of organisms in the biosphere | biodiversity |
| overuse of species w/ economic value; a factor in species extinction ex)Bison | overexploitation |
| the clearing of a natural environment forcing native species to relocate ex)clearing forests | destruction of habitat |
| nonnative species deliberately or accidently introduced into a new habitat ex)python in the everglades | introduced species |
| habitat loss from seperation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land ex)alligator alley | fragmentation of habitat |
| changes the composition of air soil or water ex)DDT | pollution of habitat |
| the decline in a species that effects the entire ecosystem ex)over farming | disruption of habitat |
| list four properties of water that are related to waters ability to form hydrogen bonds. | 1. water has polarity 2. water has a covalent bond 3. water has electrostatic 4. waters oxygen molecule has a negative charge and its hydrogen molecule has a positive |
| list the properties of carbon that make it necessary to forming organic molecules | carbon atoms can be joined to form carbon molecules and then organic compounds |
| allow reactions to occur rapidly and at body temp.;lowers the activation energy of the reaction | enzymes |
| G1 | gap 1 growth occurs |
| S | DNA sythesis(replication occurs) |
| G2 | gap 2 growth occurs |
| diagram that traces the inheritance of a particular trait over several generations | Pedigree |
| physical appearance | phenotype |
| 2 or more alleles | polygenic traits |
| genes located on the sex chromosomes;most humans sex linked genes are found on the x-chromosome | sex-linked traits |
| name 4 common environmental mutagens | 1. x-rays 2. radiation;sunlight 3. chemicals 4. toxins |
| x chromosome stops working in females;can change coat color | x-inactivation |
| one gene hides the effect of another | epistasis |
| picture of the chromosomes | karyotype |
| both genes are expressed | codominance |
| genetic makeup (letters) | genotype |
| the blending of two traits | incomplete dominance |
| two genes seperate during meiosis one from each parent | law of segregation |
| change in genes | mutation |
| causes a disease | pathogen |
| READY form of energy used by cells | carbohydrate |
| what is the difference between glycogen, amylase,and cellulose | glycogen is animal stored starch amylase is saliva and cellulose is plant stored starch |
| what is the function of triglyceride, phospholipid,wax,and cholesterol in the cell? | 1. trygliceride is saturated fat:solid at room temp. 2. phospholipid found in cell membrane 3. Wax prevents loss of plant leaves 4. Cholesterol are steroids |
| explain how the substitution of 1 amino acid in a protein (polypeptide) changes the structure and function of the protein ex)sickle cell anemmia | if 1 amino acid is changed it could lead to mutations. |
| the specific location where the substrate binds to an enzyme | active site |
| robert hooke | observed the first cell in a cork; made a simple microscope |
| leeuwenhoek | designed the microscope in 1600 |
| schleiden | concluded all plants are composed of cells |
| schwann | reported all animal tissue is composed of cell |
| virchow | proposed in 1855 that all cells are produced from the division of existing cells |
| list the structures typically found in prokaryotic cells | no nucleus or membrane bound organelles |
| what type of organism is made up of prokaryotic cells? | bacteria;single celled organisms |
| list the organelles found in plants but NOT in animals | cell wall,larger vacuoles,and chloroplasts |
| what organelle is found in animal cells but NOT in plant cells | centrioles |
| how many cells are produced if one cell undergoes mitosis and cytokinesis? | 2 |
| what kinds of cells normally undergo mitosis? | somatic or body cells |
| explain why the process of "crossing over" is an important event during meiosis | chromatids are lying so close together that they can exchange genes making variation in 4 cells |
| when does crossing over occur? | during prophase 1 of meiosis |
| by what process do prokaryotic cells reproduce? | binary fission |
| explain the key differences between binary fission and mitosis | binary fission splits into 2 and doesnt have a nucleus. Mitosis is somatic body cells with a nucleus |
| what do the letters A-T-P mean? | adenosine triphosphate |
| what is the function of ATP? | makes chemical energy |
| how does ATP preform its function? | when the 2 and 3 phosphate are broken and ATP becomes ADP |
| how is ATP produced in the cell? | by breaking down glucose |
| where does ATP store energy? | in the phosphate bond |
| what are the reactants for cellular respiration? | glucose and oxygen |
| what are the products of cellular respiration? | 36 ATP's CO2 AND H20 |
| Other than the cytoplasm, where does cellular respiration occur? | the mitochondria |
| why is cellular respiration an AEROBIC process? | it requires oxygen |
| what are the reactants for photosynthesis? | carbon dioxide and water |
| what are the products of photosynthesis? | glucose an oxygen |
| where in the cell does photsynthesis occur? | chloroplast |
| how do photosythesis and cellular respiration differ? | photosynthesis is the reverse of cellular respiration. |
| what is lactic acid fermentation? | build up of lactic acid in the muscles due to lack of oxygen |
| list the four levels of protein structure | primary secondary tertiary and quantanary |
| describe the four levels of protein structure | 1. amino acids define the primary 2. after the amino acids form they fold into a 3D figure 3. globular;hemogloban protein 4. combines with other proteins |
| define the first law of thermodynamics | energy can be converted but not created or destroyed |
| define the second law of thermodynamics | energy cant be converted without the loss of usable energy |
| monosaccharide (glucose);simple sugar | carbohydrate |
| 1 glycerole and 3 fatty acids | lipid |
| 1 sugar,1 phosphate,and 1 nitrogen base (nucleotide) | nucleic acid |
| amino acid; only macromolecule that contains nitrogen | protein |
| the most important in organic compounds | water |
| unequal heating of the earths surface causes | ocean currents,winds and effects the climates |
| what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration? | 1.glycolysis-occurs in the cytoplasm;2 ATP's 2.kreb cycle/citric acid cycle-occurs in the mitochondria;2 ATP's 3.electron transport chain-occurs in the folds of the mitochondria(christae);32 ATP's |
Created by:
cardonaalex21
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