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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science | Exploration of natural world using observations/data/testable hypotheses (natural science) |
| Scientific Method | general structure given to hypothesis driven scientific investigation |
| observation | use senses/instruments to gather data, occurrences, observations (define problem or question) |
| hypothesis | testable statement (potential answer to question) |
| prediction | potential test to hypothesis |
| experiment | perform test based on prediction |
| independent variable | variable being tested/changed |
| dependent variable | result/outcome/measurement |
| controls | untreated or known treatment groups |
| controlled variables | environmental factors which are kept constant between all samples |
| law/principle | statement of working of natural world, derived from facts and hypothesis (not contradicted or changed) |
| social sciences | use sci. method to study behavior subjective to interpretation |
| formal sciences | deals with logical ideas (not nature)(math/comp. science) |
| raw data | data as it is collected, not analyzed or manipulated |
| averages/means | the central point of raw numerical data |
| standard deviation | statistical analysis of how much raw data varies from the mean |
| energy | the ability to move or change things |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | energy motion |
| electromagnetic radiation | energy bundle (photons) that travel in waves at the speed of light |
| visible light | light (EM radiation) that can be detected with our eyes |
| mass | amount of matter in an object |
| matter | anything that takes up space |
| atom | unit of matter |
| first law of thermodynamics | energy is never created or destroyed (in a closed system) |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | energy tends towards disorder (to become less usable) |
| food (chemical energy) | stored in carbon (carbon bonds or organic molecules) |
| sun | original source of energy for life |
| primary consumers (herbivores) | consume plants |
| secondary consumers (carnivores) | eat primary consumers |
| law of gravity | force of attraction between any objects with mass |
| weight | force of gravity on an object |
| 1st law of inertia | 1.object in motion tends to stay in motion 2.object at rest tends to stay at rest 3.inertia is proportional to mass |
| atom | smallest unit of matter that has unique characteristics |
| elements | different types of atoms |
| nucleus | small dense area located in center (comprised of protons and neutrons |
| protons | 1 AMU, charge +1 |
| neutrons | 1 AMU, charge 0 |
| strong nuclear force | fundamental force of nature |
| electron cloud | region outside nucleus that contains electrons |
| electron | 0 AMU, charge -1 |
| atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons |
| radioactive decay | nucleus emits excess energy and becomes more stable |
| half-life | time it takes for 50% of substance to decay |
| alpha decay | atom loses an alpha particle (loses 2 protons and 4 AMU) |
| alpha particle | high energy (2 protons, 2 neutrons) |
| beta decay | a neutron from rad. isotope (gain 1 proton, no change in AMU) |
| gamma decay | nucleus releases EM radiation form of gamma rays |
| fission | results in generation/release of lot of energy (heat) |
| neutron sponges | control rods (control rate of chain reaction) |
| nuclear waste | high energy radioactive waste from spent rods (lasts for 1000s of years) |
| element | simplest substance with distinct properties |
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