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Biology: Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Characteristics of Life | Organization, Metabolism, Homeostasis, Response to Stimuli, Reproduction, Growth and Development, & Adaption |
| Organization | -The cell is the basic unit of organization -cell-tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms |
| Metabolism | -the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell -involves the exchange of matter and energy within the cell and with the environment |
| Homeostasis | More internal stability than the surrounding environment |
| Reproduction | the ability to produce offspring |
| Adaptation | modifications for a particular way of life. |
| Cell Membrane (structure) | bilayer of phospholipids with associated proteins |
| Cell Membrane (function) | controls movement of materials into/out of cell |
| Diffusion | natural movement of small molecules froman area og high concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| Osmosis | the movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane from an area of higher concentrationto an area pf lower concentration |
| Isotonic | 0.9% saline or 5% glucose; no net movement of water- Water goes in, equal amount of water goes out |
| Hypotonic | less solute in cell; water moves intothe cell; cell, hemolysis- more water goes into the cell, less water comes out. |
| Hypertonic | more solute than cell; water moves out of the cell; cell shrinks, plasmolysis- little water comes in, more water goes out. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | carrier proteins help move certainmaterials across the cell membrane with the concentration gradient; no energy required. |
| Active Transport | the use of energy to move certain materials against the concentration gradient |
| Endocytosis | the transport of bulky materials into a cell within the membrane-bounded vesicle; requires energy |
| Exocytosis | the transport of some materials out of cell packaged in a vesicle; requires energy. |
| Nucleus | -Cell division -control of protein synthesis |
| Nucleolus | formation of ribosomes |
| Ribosomes | site of protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough (RER) | protein synthesis |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth (SER) | various, synthesis of lipids |
| Golgi Apparatus | processing, packaging, and secretion of proteins |
| Vacuole | storage |
| Lysosome | digestion within the cell |
| Mitochondrion | "powerhouse of cell," produces energy |
| Chloroplast | (plants), photosynthesis |
| Microtubules | cell shape and movement |
| Cilia and Flagella | movement of the cell |
| Centriole | (animals), organization of microtubules |
| Enzymes | -Complex globular proteins with specific 3-D shapes -act as catalysts for chemical reactions in living cells -lower the activation energy of a reaction -highly specific for a particular chemical reaction may be influenced bychanges in temp or pH |
| Catalyst | speeds up a chemical reaction ubt is not used up in the reaction |
| Each reaction in a cell requires ot's own specific what? | enzyme |
| Coenzymes | enzyme helpers, work with the enzyme, vitamins act as this. |
| Carbohydrate (def) | chain of simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
| Lipid | Fats and oils |
| Protein | Chain of amino acids |
| Amino Acid | 1 Nitrogen and 1 R group |
| Dipeptide | 2 amino acids joined together (2 N's and R's) |
| Polypeptide | chain of many amino acids |
| Nucleic Acid | chain of nucleotides |
| Nucleotide | Sugar(ring) + phosphate (PO4)+ Nitrogen base |
| Fats and Oils | fatty acids + glycerol |
| Carbohydrates | -only 3 major elements: C,H, & O -ratio of elements: CH20 -functions: energy storage and structure |
| Monosaccharides | simple sugars |
| Disaccharides | Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis |
| Glucose + Glucose = | Maltose (disaccharides) |
| Glucose + Fructose = | Sucrose (disaccharides) |
| Polysaccharides | long chains consisting of hundreds of simple sugars |
| Cellulose | -most abundant polysaccharide -long chains of glucose subunits -structural component of plant cell walls -humans cannot digest this molecule |
| Starch | -long chains of glucose subunits -form of energy storage for plants |
| Glycogen | -long chains of glucose subunits form of energy storage for animals |
| Lipids (function) | -Long-term energy storage -Insulation -Protection of vital organs -Components of cell membranes -some are hormones |
| Monoglyceride | Glycerol + 1 Fatty acid |
| Diglyceride | Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids |
| Triglyceride | Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids |
| Saturated Fats | -Only single bonds in the carbon chain -solid at room temperature (animal fats) |
| Unsaturated Fats | -at least one double or triple bond in the carbon train -liquid at room temperature |
| Soap | -The sodium salt of a fatty acid -produced by the saponification of fats or oils |
| Phospholipids | -Glycerol + fatty acid + phosphate -function: major component of cell membranes |
| Steroids | -backbone of 4 fused carbon rings -function: hormones |
| Proteins | -long chains of amino acids (20 idfferent amino acids) -functions: enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions and structure |
| Primary Structure of Proteins | Sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary Structure of Proteins | Helix or pleated sheet |
| Tertiary Structure of Proteins | folded into 3-D shapes |
| Quaternary Structure of Proteins | some proteins consist of more than one polypeptide chain |
| Unicellular | One cell |
| Multicellular | Many cells |
| Prokaryotic | No nucleus |
| Eukaryotic | With nucleus |
| Autotroph | Makes own food (photosynthesis) |
| Heterotroph | does not make own food |
| 5 Kingdom System | Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia |
| Monera | -unicellular prokaryotes -bacteria and "blue-green" algae -more than 100,000 species -reproduce by binary fission -some act as decomposers in recycling nutrients in ecosystems -some cause diseases |
| Protista | -simple unicellular or colonial eukaryotes -protozoans, algae, and slime molds -more than 50,000 species -eukaryotic -autotrophs or heterotrophs |
| Fungi | -multicellular eukaryotes autotrophs -molds and mushrooms -more than 100,000 known species -multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs -digest food w/ externally -important as decomposers in recycling nutrients in ecosystems |
| Plantae | -multicellular eukaryotes autotrophs -mosses, ferns, flowering plants, and trees -more than 250,000 known species -multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophs -some plants reproduce by spores |
| Animalia | multicellular eukaryotes, usually internal digestion -more than 1.2 million species -internal digestion -largest phylum is Arthropoda, most of which are insects |
| 3 Domain System | Archaea, bacteria, and eukarya |
| Archaea | Primitive prokaryotes |
| Bacteria | prokaryotes |
| Eukarya | protozoans, fungi, plants, animals (eukaryotes) |
| Viruses | -Not cellular (acellular) -nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat -attack only specific hosts and can reproduce only inside a living cell |
| Gymnosperms | naked seeds |
| Angiosperms | covered seeds |
| Cell Membranes | Lipid bilayers with embedded proteins |
| Energy ultimately comes from what? | the sun (exception: deep sea vents) |
| 6CO2+6H2O=C6H12O6+O2 | equation of photosynthesis |
| Cellular Respiration | living things break down stored chemical energy |
| C6H12O6+O2=6CO2+6H2O+energy | equation of respiration |
| Energy Storage | -Complex storage -lipids |
| Energy Transport Molecules | -ATP -NADH2 or NADPH2 |
| Complex Biochemical Pathways | -These equations are only summary equations -involve a series of complex enzyme-controlled reactions -involve many steps |
| Without what, most cannot happen fast enough to support life | helper molecules |
| Hundreds of what are inside living cells | chemical reactions |
| Science | a systematicway of discovering information about the natural world |
| Scientific Method | -observation and generalization -hypothesis -test the hypothesis -accept, reject, or modify the hypothesis -test again |
| Theory | well tested and widely accepted view that explains certain observations |
| Building Blocks for Life | -Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, P -Water -Cells -Molecules: carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Biological Macromolecules | Carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Dehydration Synthesis | water molecule is removed when 2 smaller molecules are joined together |
| Hydrolysis | A water molecule is used to break a larger molecule into smaller molecules |
| Cell Theory | -All living things are composed of cells -Cells only come from prexisting cells |
Created by:
cwilson5
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