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BIO. EXAM (ELKINS)
Biology FINAL EXAM Review Activity (1-3, 8-10)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| White fur of a rabbit in winter | Adaptation |
| Pulling your hand away from a hot stove burner | Response |
| Testable explanation of a situation | Hypothesis |
| Metric unit for the volume of a substance | Liter |
| Metric unit for the mass of a substance | Gram |
| ___ helps to maintain a dog's homeostasis by helping the animal to release excess heat | Panting |
| Numerical data | Quantitative |
| Descriptive data | Qualitative |
| Blue, heavy, cold | Qualitative |
| 4 cm, 2 lbs, 27 degrees Celsius | Quantitative |
| Study of living things and the environment | Biology |
| A biologist who works to prevent plants and animals from becoming extinct | Environmental biologist |
| Scientists who work in the field of __ often research cells, DNA and living systems to discover new medical treatments | Biotechnology |
| ___ might study living systems in order to design mechanical devices such as artificial limbs | Bioengineers |
| Characteristic of life that enables the continuation of a species | Reproduction |
| Allows for an organisms physiological systems to remain in balance | Homeostasis |
| Involves learning about the natural world | Biology |
| Measurement system used by scientists when conduction research | Metric system |
| Well-tested explanation that brings together many observations such as evolution, plate tectonics and biogenesis | Theory |
| All living things share the ___. | Characteristics of life |
| The ___ group is exposed to the factor being tested | Experimental |
| The factor of an experiment that remains fixed while other factors may change | Constant |
| Information that is gathered from observation | Data |
| Investigation of a hypothesis in a controlled setting | Experiment |
| In order for an experiment to arrive at a conclusion, founded on solid evidence, it must be conducted in a(n) __ | Controlled setting |
| Living and nonliving things that surround an organism and with which it interacts | Environment |
| Logo designed to alert people about a specific danger | Safety symbol |
| Occurrence of accidental or unexpected but fortunate results | Serendipity |
| Process of combining what you know and what you've learned to draw conclusions | Inferring |
| Science applied to matters of legal interest | Forensics |
| Science of living things | Biology |
| Set of moral principles or values | Ethics |
| Systematic approach to problem-solving | Scientific method |
| Testable explanation of a situation | Hypothesis |
| Place where an organisms lives | Habitat |
| Presence of interbreeding individuals in one place at a given time | Population |
| Group of biological communities that interact with the physical environment | Ecosystem |
| Converting nitrogen from a gas to a useable form by bacteria | Nitrogen fixation |
| Movement of chemicals on a global scale from abiotic through biotic parts of the environment | Biogeochemical |
| What relationship involves both parties benefiting from working together | Mutualism |
| An organisms 'job' within it's ecosystem | Niche |
| Eats only meat | Carnivore |
| Eats both meat and plants | Omnivore |
| Eats only plants | Herbivore |
| How does energy first enter any ecosystem? | The sun |
| Where is the largest concentration of nitrogen found | Atmosphere |
| Two major life processes involve carbon an oxygen: photosynthesis and ___ | Respiration |
| Long term or short term cycle? Animals and plants eliminating wastes into the soil | Short-term |
| Group of individual organisms of the same species | Population |
| Study of interaction among organisms | Ecology |
| Collect energy from the sun | Autotrophs |
| Individual organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time | Population |
| Act of one organism consuming another | Predation |
| Allows a scientist to represent or simulate a process or system | Model |
| Biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it | Ecosystem |
| Close relationship that exists when two or more species live together | Symbiosis |
| Group of interacting populations | Biological community |
| Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities | Biome |
| Living factors in an environment | Biotic |
| Nonliving factors in an environment | Abiotic |
| Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time | Competition |
| Portion of earth that supports life | Biosphere |
| Scientific discipline to which the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments are studied | Ecology |
| Mutualistic relationship between algae and fungi | Lichens |
| Part of all organic compounds which make up all living things | Carbon |
| Nutrient that organisms need to produce proteins | Nitrogen |
| Area of forest that experiences very little change in species composition | Climax community |
| Amount of oxygen in a fish tank is an example of a(n) | Limiting factor |
| Amount of sunlight available on the jungle forest floor | Limiting factor |
| Estuaries and coral reefs are among the most diverse of all ___ | Ecosystems |
| Condition of the atmosphere at a specific place and at a specific time | Weather |
| Average weather conditions over a large range of time in a specific area | Climate |
| Large geographic areas with similar climax communities | Biomes |
| Which biome occurs in the US and once contained huge herds of grazing herbivores? | Grassland |
| Which land biome contains the greatest species diversity? | Tropical rain forest |
| Where is the largest percentage of water located? | Oceans |
| In which area of the lake is there likely to be the greatest diversity of plankton? | Limnetic zone |
| Has communities stratified from the high-tide line to the low-tide line | Intertidal zone |
| All organisms living within a type of biome | Biological community |
| Gasses with trees intermixed | savanna |
| Where is largest percentage of earth's freshwater? | Glaciers |
| Approximate percentage of earth's freshwater contained in glaciers | Sixty-nine percent |
| Which aquatic zone has proven to be the most difficult to explore? | Abyssal zone |
| Which ocean zone would be most damaged by the construction of a new resort? | Intertidal zone |
| ___ succession takes place much quicker than ___ succession because the soil is already present | Secondary, Primary |
| Rate of evaporation is higher than precipitation | Desert |
| Which ocean zone (photic or aphotic) would support the greatest variety of coral reef ecosystems? | Photic zone |
| Ability of any organism to survive when subjected to abiotic or biotic factors | Tolerance |
| Distance of any point on the surface of earth N or S of the equator | Latitude |
| Orderly and predictable change that takes place after a community of organisms has been removed but the soil has remained intact | Secondary succession |
| Majority of the freshwater on earth is found in the form of | Glaciers |
| Any factor that restricts the numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms | Limiting factor |
| Material that is deposited by water, wind or glaciers | Sediment |
| Biomes are classified primarily according to their ... | Plants |
| Deepest area of a large lake | Profundal zone |
| Change in an ecosystem that happens when one community replaces another | Ecological succession |
| Deepest region of the ocean | Abyssal zone |
| Establishment of a community in an area of exposed rock with no topsoil | Primary succession |
| Open ocean zone existing from surface to about 200 m deep | Photic zone |
| Temperature and ___ are the two major abiotic factors affecting the kinds of plants that exist in an area | Precipitation |
| Characterized by fertile soils; very few trees | Temperate grassland |
| Grasses and scattered trees; receive less precipitation than other tropical areas | Tropical savanna |
| Hot and wet; nutrient-poor soils; rapidly diminishing each year | Tropical rain forest |
| Resemble temperate deciduous forests because during the dry season, trees drop leaves to conserve water | Tropical seasonal forest |
| Soggy summers, permafrost, cold and dark much of the year | Tundra |
| Summers are short and moist while winters are long and cold/dry | Boreal forest |
| Varying temperature, evaporation exceeds precipitation | Desert |
| Well-defined seasons, summers are hot and winters are cold, populated by broad-leaf deciduous trees | Temperate forest |
| Basic unit of all living things | Cell |
| Structure common to ALL cells | Plasma membrane |
| Protein fiber that forms the cell's supporting network | Cytoskeleton |
| First to coin the term 'cell' in regards to living organisms 'building blocks' | Robert Hooke |
| Microscope magnification was limited to ___ until the invention of the electron microscope | 1000x |
| Manufactures ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| Process of plasma membrane pumping excess sodium out of the cell into an environment where there is a lower concentration of sodium | Diffusion |
| Produces protein for a cell | Ribosomes |
| Packages proteins within a cell | Endoplasmic reticulum |
| Transports proteins within a cell and perhaps out of the cell | Golgi apparatus |
| Organelle which is often large in plants and often small or absent in animal cells | Vacuole |
| Cell walls are found in... | Plant cells |
| Distribution center for cell proteins | Golgi apparatus |
| Breaks down excess microtubules | Lysosome |
| Contains the cell's DNA | Nucleus |
| Creates energy for the cell | Mitochondria |
| Process of cell division | Mitosis |
| Process of cell division resulting in gametes | Meiosis |
| Stores cell materials | Vacuoles |
| Inflexible barrier that provides the support and protects the plant cell | Cell wall |
| Cells with membrane-bound nucleus and organelles | Eukaryotes |
| Needed to move substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane | Transport proteins |
| Component of the cell membrane that allows for fluidity and flexibility | Cholesterol |
| Key property of the plasma membrane | Selective permeability |
| Special boundary that helps control what enters and exits the cell | Plasma membrane |
| Modern concept of the plasma membrane | Fluid mosaic model |
| Fundamental idea of modern biology: all living things are made of smaller, living constituents, etc | Cell theory |
| Oldest living cells on earth, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles | Prokaryotes |
| Two layers of lipids arranged tail to tail form the | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Moves small molecules across the plasma membrane using transport proteins | Facilitated diffusion |
| Involves water moving across the membrane to side with greater solute concentration | Osmosis |
| Present in a solution in the largest amount; doing the dissolving | Solvent |
| Present in a solution in a smaller amount; dissolving | Solute |
| Occurs when substances move against the concentration gradient; requiring energy | Active transport |
| Condition that results when diffusion continues until the concentrations are the same in all areas | Dynamic equilibrium |
| (T/F) Energy cannot be created nor destroyed | T |
| (T/F) Energy is the capacity to do work | T |
| (T/F) Energy exists in forms such as chemical, light and mechanical | T |
| (T/F) Energy changes spontaneously from disorder to order | F |
| Ability to do work | Energy |
| Main source of cellular energy | ATP |
| The breaking down of pyruvate occurs during... | Citric Acid Cycle |
| Internal membrane of the chloroplast that is organized into flattened membranous sacs | Thylakoids |
| Backup to cellular respiration, which allows for a small supply of NAD to keep the cell going but creates harmful by-products | Lactic acid fermentation |
| Molecule which results from the final step of the Calvin cycle | RuBP |
| Light-absorbing molecules such as chlorophyll | Pigments |
| Autotrophs which are capable of conducting a photosynthesis-like process at the bottom of the ocean, where no light can penetrate | Chemoautotrophs |
| Anabolic pathway in which light energy is converted into chemical energy | Photosynthesis |
| Mechanism by which ATP is produced as a result of the flow of electrons down a concentration gradient (inside of thylakoid to the stroma) | Chemiosmosis |
| Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe | Thermodynamics |
| Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell | Cellular respiration |
| Takes place within the mitochondria in the presence of oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| Each step or level within a food web or food chain | Trophic level |
| All food webs/chains begin with... | Autotrophs |
| Light-dependent reactions take place in the saclike membranes called | Thylakoids |
| Final step of aerobic respiration when ATP is created | Electron transport chain |
| Energy is conserved | 1st Law of Thermodynamics |
| ALL of the chemical reactions in an organisms cells | Metabolism |
| Autotrophs which convert light energy into chemical energy | Photoautotrohps |
| In lactic acid fermentation, __ is converted to lactic acid | Pyruvate |
| What anaerobic process occurs after glycolysis? | Citric acid cycle |
| What chemical bond in ATP releases massive amounts of energy when broken? | Phosphate |
| Anabolic pathways are ___ reactions | Synthesis |
| Catabolic pathways are ___ reactions | Decomposition |
| As cells grow, their ratio of surface area to volume ____ | Decreases |
| ___ cells are more efficient overall | Smaller |
| Signal for the cell to divide | Cyclins |
| In the surface area-to-volume ratio, what does the surface area represent in a cell? | Plasma membrane |
| The activities of a cell that include cellular growth and cell division? | Cell cycle |
| Unspecialized human cells | Stem cells |
| Main stage of the cell cycle in which the cell grows, carries out normal functions, and duplicates its DNA | Interphase |
| Stage in which cells nuclear material divides and separates | Mitosis |
| Stage in which the cell divides into two daughter cells with identical nuclei | Cytokinesis |
| Substage in which the cell prepares for nuclear division and a protein that makes microtubules for cell division is synthesized | G2 phase |
| Substage of interphase immediately after a cell divides | G1 phase |
| Proteins which bind to enzymes to start various activities in the cell cycle | Cylcins |
| Different ___ combinations control different activities at different stages in the cell cycle | Cylcin/CDK |
| Uncontrolled growth and division of cells | Cancer |
| Substances and agents that are known to cause cancer | Carcinogens |
| Governmental agency which is in charge of ensuring the public that what they consume is safe | FDA |
| A mechanism involving proteins and ___ control the cell cycle | Enzymes |
| Cells which have not become specialized and can develop into a variety of different cells | Embryonic stem cells |
| Cells which are found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue in which they are found | Adult stem cells |
| (Phase of mitosis) Chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus and align along cells equator | Metaphase |
| (Phase of mitosis) Chromosomes begin moving to opposite poles | Anaphase |
| (Phase of mitosis) Chromosomes condense | Prophase |
| (Phase of mitosis) Chromosomes reach poles of cell | Telophase |
| (Phase of mitosis) Microtubules shorten and pull chromosomes to opposite poles | Anaphase |
| (Phase of mitosis) Nucleolus reappears | Telophase |
| Meiosis, crossing over, random mating all contribute to _________ | Genetic variation |
| Exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment | Gene linkage |
| Process which produces haploid gametes | Meiosis |
| Cellular structure that contains DNA | Chromosome |
| Half the number of chromosomes found in an adult organism | Haploid |
| Found in body cells and have same length and same centromere position | Homologous chromosomes |
| Separation of allelic genes that typically occurs during meiosis | Segregation |
| Control production of proteins | Genes |
| Study of heredity | Genetics |
| Process by which on gamete unites with another and produces a zygote | Fertilization |
| Cell which results from fertilization | Zygote |
| Process by which chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes | Crossing over |
| Divides each cell into two new daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
| Father of genetics | Gregor Mendel |
| Plants which result in the same type of plant each time | True-breeding |
| Observable characteristic or outward expression of an allele pair | Phenotype |
| Pea plants usually reproduce by ___, without outside interference | Self-fertilization |
| In a monohybrid cross, only __ genotypic possibilities exist | 3 |
| Heterozygous organisms | Hybrid |
| In a monohybrid cross, only ___ phenotypic possibilities exist | 2 |
| Used to predict the possible offspring of a cross between two known genotypic | Punnett Square |
| Genes located near one another generally travel together when crossing over occurs | Gene linkage |
| New combination produced by crossing over and independent assortment | Genetic reconfiguration |
| Protein complexes which hold sister chromatids together in the form of a chromosome | Centromere |
| States that two alleles for each trait separate during meiosis | Law of independent assortment |
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SavannahElkins
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