DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid

contains information that helps an organism develop and function.

two polymers, which can be found in a helix structure, giving DNA the nickname "the double helix".

The backbone of the DNA polymers is made of

sugars and phosphate groups, which are bonded together.

The four nitrogen bases are:

1. adenine (A) 2. cytosine (C) 3. guanine (G) 4. thymine (T)

During DNA Replication

1.The two original strands of DNA separate. 2.DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand. (adenine bonds with thymine; cytosine bonds with guanine) 3.Two DNA molecules form, which are identical to the original DNA molecule.

The process of DNA replication begins with

one double-stranded molecule of DNA.

The two strands of this molecule separate

during replication, and DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand.

Enzymes bind to a DNA sequence and unzip the molecule.

As the molecule unzips, RNA nucleotides pair to complementary DNA nucleotides on one of the DNA strands. (If the DNA strand reads AGT, the new RNA strand would read UCA.)

Once base pairing is complete, the new RNA molecule (mRNA) breaks away from the DNA strands and the DNA strands re-attach.

The process of transcription occurs in the

the nucleus of a cell, but the mRNA that is created travels into the cytoplasm once it is made.

The chain of amino acids continues to grow until

the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand.

Gene expression occurs as follows.

The instructions for building a protein are found in a gene and are "rewritten" to a molecule of RNA during transcription. The RNA is then "deciphered" during translation.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in gene expression

One of the four bases that combines with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of RNA

The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template

The portion of protein synthesis that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains

Mutations can be harmful and cause genetic diseases such as

cystic fibrosis and some forms of cancer

Mutations can be caused by

radiation, exposure to toxic chemicals, through natural means during DNA replication, and so on.

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molecular Genetics 2

Words

Question	Answer
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid	contains information that helps an organism develop and function.
DNA is composed of	two polymers, which can be found in a helix structure, giving DNA the nickname "the double helix".
The backbone of the DNA polymers is made of	sugars and phosphate groups, which are bonded together.
The four nitrogen bases are:	1. adenine (A) 2. cytosine (C) 3. guanine (G) 4. thymine (T)
Three bases (in a row) make up a	codon.
During DNA Replication	1.The two original strands of DNA separate. 2.DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand. (adenine bonds with thymine; cytosine bonds with guanine) 3.Two DNA molecules form, which are identical to the original DNA molecule.
The process of DNA replication begins with	one double-stranded molecule of DNA.
The two strands of this molecule separate	during replication, and DNA polymerases add complementary nucleotides to each strand.
Initiation:	Enzymes bind to a DNA sequence and unzip the molecule.
Elongation	As the molecule unzips, RNA nucleotides pair to complementary DNA nucleotides on one of the DNA strands. (If the DNA strand reads AGT, the new RNA strand would read UCA.)
Termination:	Once base pairing is complete, the new RNA molecule (mRNA) breaks away from the DNA strands and the DNA strands re-attach.
The process of transcription occurs in the	the nucleus of a cell, but the mRNA that is created travels into the cytoplasm once it is made.
A codon on the mRNA molecule	attaches to a ribosome.
tRNA molecules, which each carry a specific amino acid	approach the ribosome
The tRNA molecule that corresponds to the codon is the?	tRNA anticodoon
The chain of amino acids continues to grow until	the ribosome reaches a stop codon on the mRNA strand.
The first codon that is read on the mRNA molecule.	is usually a start codon (AUG
Gene expression occurs as follows.	The instructions for building a protein are found in a gene and are "rewritten" to a molecule of RNA during transcription. The RNA is then "deciphered" during translation.
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)	A natural polymer that is present in all living cells and that plays a role in gene expression
Uracil	One of the four bases that combines with sugar and phosphate to form a nucleotide subunit of RNA
Transcription	The process of forming a nucleic acid by using another molecule as a template
Translation	The portion of protein synthesis that uses the codons in mRNA molecules to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains
A change of a gene is called	a mutation.
Mutations can be harmful and cause genetic diseases such as	cystic fibrosis and some forms of cancer
Mutations can be caused by	radiation, exposure to toxic chemicals, through natural means during DNA replication, and so on.

Created by: t-raw15

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