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Chemistry of Life
Biochemistry, Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | basic unit of matter |
| What are the three subatomic particles that make up atoms | protons, neutrons, electrons |
| nucleus | formed by forces that bind protons and neutrons together in the center of the atom |
| protons | positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom |
| neutrons | particles in the nucleus of the atom that contain no charge |
| electrons | negatively charged particles that orbit the atom's nucleus |
| compound | a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| ionic bond | a chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| covalent bond | a chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms |
| molecule | smallest unit of a compound |
| polarity | a molecule in which the charges are unevenly distributed. A water molecule is polar because there is an uneven distribution of electrons between the O2 and H2 atoms |
| mixture | a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined. |
| solution | a type of mixture in which all components are evenly distributed |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved in a solution |
| solvent | the substance in a solution in which the solute is dissolved |
| suspension | a mixture of water and nondissolved mater where the movement of water molecules keeps the solute particles suspended. |
| pH scale | a measurement system devised to indicate the concentration of H+ ions in solution. The pH scale measures from 0 to 14 with acids ranging from 0-7 and bases from 7 to 14. 7 is neutral |
| acid | any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. They have a pH below 7 and contain more H+ ions than pure water |
| basic (alkaline) | A compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution and has lower concentrations of H+ ions than pure water. These solutions have pH values above 7. |
| buffer | weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden pH changes. |
| monomer | a small molecular unit that can be joined together into larger units to make macromolecules |
| polymers | a macromolecule formed by the joining of a number of smaller units called monomers through a process called polymerization |
| Four groups of organic compounds found in living things | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Carbohydrates | compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen that are the main source of energy for living things. Carbohydrates are consumed in two forms, sugars such as glucose, sucrose and fructose, and starches such as potatoes and rice. |
| carbohydrate monomer | monosaccharide, a simple sugar |
| lipid monomer | glycerol and fatty acids |
| lipids | biological molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen that are used to store energy and form a major part of the structure of biological membranes in cells. |
| saturated lipids | The bad lipids. Usually solid at room temperature. Animal fats are saturated lipids. Over eating can cause arteries and veins to clog up. |
| unsaturated lipids | Usually liquid at room temperature. Vegetable fats. Better fats. Not as likely to cause coronary artery disease |
| nucleic acids | macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. The nucelic acids are DNA and RNA. They store and transmit hereditary or genetic information. |
| nucleotide | The structural monomer of the nucleic acid compounds. A nucelotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen base |
| proteins | macromolecules that contain, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| amino acid | the monomer of proteins. There are 20 amino acids found in nature that are used to build proteins. |
| protein function | as enzymes, they control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Some are used to form bones and muscles. Others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease. |
| protein shape | The shape of proteins is important. After a protein chain is formed, it is twisted or folded and then the chain can be folded again. Each protein has a specific shape that allows it to fit into other proteins where it makes reactions occur. |
| chemical reaction | a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| reactants | the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| products | The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction |
| enzymes | Proteins that act as biological catalysts and speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. |
| Catalyst | A compound that speeds up chemical reactions, but is not consumed in the reaction itself. |
| Element | Substance consisting entirely of one type of atom |
| Ion | Atom that has a positive or negative charge due to the gain or loss of electrons in its outer shell. |
Created by:
smerrill
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