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Micro 7-8-9 TEX
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heterotrophs get their carbon from where? | Organic molecules |
| Autotrophs get their carbon from where? | Inorganic molecules |
| Chemoheterotrophs get their energy and carbon from what? | ORGANIC molecules |
| Most parasites do what to their host? | Kill it |
| Saprobic means what? | Decomposing plant/animal matter or dead microbes |
| Photoautotrophs get their energy from where? | Sunlight |
| Chemoorganic Autotrophs get their energy from ______ and their carbon from _______ | Organic; inorganic |
| Lithoautotrophs rely totally on what type of material? | Inorganic |
| What is a type of chemoautotroph? | Methanogens |
| Name four primary transport mechanisms | Osmosis, diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water from toward higher solute concentrated areas--active process requiring energy. Water moves towards |
| What is diffusion? | Net movement of molecules from high to low and does not require energy thus a passive process. |
| What is facilitated diffusion? | A passive process whereby carrier proteins help polar proteins and ions across the membrane |
| What is active transport? | Transport against the gradient, requiring energy |
| What is endocytosis? | A common process for eukaryotes where substances are taken into the membrane--requires energy. |
| What four environmental factors affect microbial growth? | POGT: pH, Osmotic pressure, Gas, Temp |
| What three categories of temperature are there? | Psychrophile (0-15C), Mesophile (20-40C), Thermophile (45-80C) |
| Human pathogens are what (in terms of temperature?) | Mesophiles (20-40C) |
| What are the two gases that influence microbial growth? | O2 and CO2 |
| What are the three categories of bacteria with regard to oxygen? | Obligate aerobe, Facultative anaerobe, Obligate anaerobe |
| What is an obligate aerobe? Give an example. | Requires oxygen for metabolism. Most fungi, protozoa, and bacteria. |
| What is a facultative anaerobe? Give an example. | Doesn't require oxygen for metabolism but can survive in it. Gram negative pathogens. |
| What is an obligate anaerobe? Give an example. | Cannot use oxygen for metabolism. Ex: clostridium (gangrene) |
| What type of broth enables the identification of a organisms' oxygen requirements? | Thioglycollate broth |
| Between what pH to cells grow best? | 6-8 |
| At what pH to acidophiles grow best? | 0 |
| At what pH to alkalinophiles grow best? | 10 |
| What are halophiles? Give an example. | Those microbes that require high salt concentrations and withstand hypertonic conditions. Ex. Halobacterium |
| What three other factors affect microbial growth? | Radiation, pressure (barophiles), and dry climate (spores/cysts) |
| Orgs that live in close nutritional relationships are said to be what? | Symbiotic |
| What are the three types of symbiotic relationships? | MCP: Mutualism (both), Commensalism (one), Parasitism |
| Give an example of commensalism | Staph aureus--provides vitamins and amino acids to haemophilus influenzae |
| What are the two types of non-symbiotic microbial relationships? | Synergism and antagonism |
| What is binary fission? | The division of a bacterial cell resulting in two identical daughter cells |
| What is generation time? | The time required for complete division cycle (doubling) |
| What are exponentials used for? | To define the numbers of bacteria after growth |
| What are the four stages of the growth curve | lag, log, stationary, death |
| What is the lag phase? | Cells are adjusting, enlarging, and synthesizing proteins but NOT doubling at their max rate |
| What is the log phase? | Cell division is at its max exponential growth rate because of adequate nutrition and favorable environment. Here the growth rate > death rate. |
| What is the stationary phase? | Survival mode b/c nutrients are depleting. Here the death rate=growth rate. |
| What is the death phase? | The majority of cells die exponentially . Here death rate>growth rate. |
| What is turbidity? | "Cloudiness factor" |
| What is the most accurate way to determine the number of bacteria you have? | "Direct Cell Count" |
| What are three types of automated cell counters? | Coulter Counter, Flow Cytometer, and Real-Time PCR |
| How do microbes go through catabolism? | Via enzymes that breakdown complex molecules to extract energy and form simpler end products |
| How do microbes go through anabolism? | Via enzymes that synthesize macromolecules and cell structures from simpler products |
| Enzymes use what mechanism to function? | Lock-and-Key |
| What is the function of an enzyme? | To serve as a catalyst for chemical reactions to lower the energy of activation |
| What do enzyme substrates do? | Bind to active sites ON the enzyme and, once the reaction is complete, are released for the enzyme to be reused. |
| How do some drugs work on enzymes? | They unfold/denature specific enzymes, rendering them worthless. |
| Cofactors are essential to an enzymes' what? | METABOLISM |
| What do cofactors do? | They bind to and activate enzymes and are essential to the enzymes' metabolism--they are an accessory to the enzyme |
| Coenzymes operate in _________ with an enzyme and serve as _______________ during metabolic reactions. | Conjunction with; transient carriers. |
| Exoenzymes are _______ until needed | Inactive |
| Endoenzymes are always __________. | Active |
| Sometimes killing an organism will release the ______ which will stimulate an ___________. | Endoenzymes, immune reaction. |
| What are three types of enzymatic reactions? | Condensation (anabolism) , Hydrolysis (catabolism) , Transfer Reactions |
| What are two types of transfer reactions? | Transferring electrons from one substrate to the other (Oxidoreductase), Transferring functional groups from one molecule to another (transferases) |
| Enzymes are capable of controlling (stimulating or blocking) what genetic process? | The process of DNA-->RNA replication |
| When we break down glucose, we get what? | ATP |
| ATP is essentially what? | Electrons |
| What is a redox reaction? | An oxidation-reduction reaction |
| ATP is a temporary ____________________ | Energy repository |
| The energy in ATP is stored where? | In the phosphate bonds |
| ATP is a three part molecule. What are the three parts. | Nitrogen base, 5-Carbon sugar (ribose), Phosphate chain. |
| In ATP, breaking apart the phosphate bonds releases what? | Energy |
| The three things a molecule can use energy for are what? | Build something, transfer something, break something down |
| The Krebs Cycle is AKA: | The TCA Cycle, The Citric Acid Cycle, Aerobic Respiration |
| Obligate Anaerobes cannot breakdown what? | The toxic byproducts of the Krebs Cycle |
| Obligate Aerobes exist because they are able to breakdown what? | The toxic byproducts of the Krebs Cycle |
| The TCA Cycle/Aerobic Respiration has three parts. What are they? | Glycolysis, TCA, Electron Transport |
| Glycolysis yields how many ATP? | 2 |
| How many ATP are yielded if O2 is present? | Then we move to the TCA cycle, which would yield 2 pyruvic acid which each yield 2 ATP. Adding that to the two ATP from glycolysis makes 6 total ATP from the TCA cycle. |
| Coenzyme NAD is reduced to what? | NADH |
| What is generated during glycolysis? | Water |
| The electron transport chain is where in eucaryotes? | Mitochondria |
| The electron transport chain is where in procaryotes? | Cytoplasmic membrane |
| What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration | Nitrate/nitrite |
| Fermentation requires large amounts of what? | Glucose |
| What do the nucleotides do in DNA? | Communicate instructions |
| What are the four base pairs? | Adenine and Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine |
| What are the four functions of DNA? | RMST: Replication, Mutation, Storage, Transcription |
| Unzipping of DNA for replication occurs via what enzyme? | DNA helicase |
| Reassembly of DNA during replication occurs via what enzyme? | DNA polymerase |
| Stitching back together of DNA during replication occurs via what enzyme? | DNA ligase |
| RNA is how many strands | ONE |
| DNA substitutes a base pair. Which one is substitutes for which? | Uracil for thymine |
| Which codon is the "start codon?" | AUG |
| mRNA is what kind of RNA? | messenger |
| tRNA is what kind of RNA? | transfer |
| rRNA is what kind of RNA? | ribosomal |
Created by:
elizabethlaughlinlee
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