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PBHS AP Biology
ch 26 27 28
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ___________ is the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species | phylogeny |
| The discipline of ___________ classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships | systematics |
| Systematists use _______, __________, and ___________ to infer evolutionary relationships | fossils, molecular, genetic data |
| ____________ is the ordered division and naming of organisms | taxonomy |
| In the 18th century, ___________________ published a system of taxonomy based on resemblances | Carolus Linnaeus |
| the language of applying two-part scientific names to species is called | binomial nomenclature |
| the first part of a scientific name is the | Genus |
| the second part of a scientific name is the | species |
| pick the correctly written scientific name: a. Homo Sapiens b. homo sapiens c. Homo sapiens | c. Homo sapiens |
| seven levels of taxonomy invented by Linnaeus | Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
| modern taxonomy has added a level above Kingdom called | Domain |
| three domains | Archaea Bacteria Eukarya |
| phylogeny is inferred from __________ & _____________ | morphology & molecular data (DNA studies) |
| ________________ occurs when similar environmental pressures and natural selection produce similar (analogous) adaptations in organisms from different evolutionary lineages | Convergent evolution |
| Bat and bird wings are ____________ as forelimbs, but analogous as functional wings | homologous |
| Some researchers suggest that eukaryotes arose as an _____________ between a bacterium and archaean | endosymbiosis |
| Early taxonomists classified all species as either ___________ or ______________ | plants or animals |
| Most prokaryotes are ___________, although some species form colonies | unicellular |
| Prokaryotic cells have a variety of shapes. The three most common shapes are _________(cocci), ________(bacilli), and __________ | spheres rods spirals |
| An important feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is their ______________, which maintains cell shape, provides physical protection, and prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment | cell wall |
| Eukaryote cell walls are made of _____________ or __________ | cellulose or chitin |
| Bacterial cell walls contain ____________, a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides | peptidoglycan |
| Using the _______________, scientists classify many bacterial species into Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups based on cell wall composition | Gram stain |
| Many _____________ target peptidoglycan and damage bacterial cell walls | antibiotics |
| In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit _________, the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli | taxis |
| Some prokaryotes do have specialized membranes that perform metabolic functions such as ______________ & ________________ | photosynthesis & respiration |
| Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called ___________ | plasmids |
| Prokaryotes have considerable genetic variation. Three factors contribute to this genetic diversity: | Rapid reproduction Mutation Genetic recombination |
| A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called _________________ | transformation |
| _________________ is the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) | transduction |
| ______________ is the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells | Conjugation |
| Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2: ______________ require O2 for cellular respiration | Obligate aerobes |
| Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2: _______________ are poisoned by O2 and use fermentation or anaerobic respiration | Obligate anaerobes |
| Prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to O2: ___________________ can survive with or without O2 | Facultative anaerobes |
| In _____________, some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) | nitrogen fixation |
| Some archaea live in extreme environments and are called ________________ | extremophiles |
| ______________ include protists with modified mitochondria and protists with unique flagella | Excavates |
| Trypanosomes are members of the clade _____________ and cause _______________ in humans | Excavata, sleeping sickness |
| the clade ______________ is monophyletic and originated by a secondary endosymbiosis event | Chromalveolata |
| Dinoflagellate blooms are the cause of toxic ________________ | “red tides” |
| examples of the clade Chromoalveolata include: | dinoflagellates, apicomplexans (Plasmodium), ciliates, diatoms |
| The apicomplexan ________________ is the parasite that causes malaria | Plasmodium |
| Plasmodium requires both ____________ and __________ to complete its life cycle | mosquitoes & humans |
| ______________ are a diverse group of protists defined by DNA similarities | Rhizarians |
| examples of the Rhizarian clade include: | amoebas, foraminifera, radiolarians, |
| ___________________ is a supergroup used by some scientists and includes red algae, green algae, and land plants | Archaeplastida |
| Over a billion years ago, a heterotrophic protist acquired a ___________________ ; The photosynthetic descendants of this ancient protist evolved into ___________________ algae; _____________ are descended from the green algae | cyanobacterial endosymbiont, red & green, land plants |
| The supergroup __________ includes animals, fungi, and some protists | Unikonta |
Created by:
kcshiker
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