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Life Chapter 1
Sadava / Life 9e Chapter 1 Key Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Archaeans | Unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus and lacking peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Once grouped with the bacteria, they possess distinctive membrane lipids. |
| Adaptation | In evolutionary biology, a particular structure, physiological process, or behavior that makes an organism better able to survive and reproduce. The evolutionary process that leads to the development or persistence of such a trait. |
| Adaptation | In sensory neurophysiology,a sensory cell's loss of sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation. |
| Bacteria | Unicellular organisms lacking a nucleus, possessing distinctive ribosomes and initiator tRNA, and generally containing peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Different bacterial groups are distinguished primarily on nucleotide sequence data. |
| Binomial | Consisting of two; for example, binomial nomenclature of biology in which each species has two names (the genus name followed by the species name). |
| Biology | The scientific study of living things. |
| Cell Theory | States that cells are the basic structural and physiological units of all living organisms, and that all cells come from preexisting cells. |
| Comparative Experiment | Experimental design in which data from various unmanipulated samples or populations are compared, but in which variables are not controlled or even necessarily identified. (Contrast with controlled experiment) |
| Controlled Experiment | An experiment in which a sample is divided into groups whereby experimental groups are exposed to manipulations of an independent variable while one group serves as an untreated control. |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | The fundamental hereditary material of all living organisms. In eukaryotes, stored primarily in the cell nucleus. A Nucleic acid using deoxyribose rather than ribose. |
| Domain | An independent structural element within a protein. Encoded by recognizable nucleotide sequences, a doain often fold separately from the rest of the protein. Similar domain can appear in a variety of different proteins across phylogenetic groups. |
| Domain | In phylogenetics, the three monophyletic branches of life (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya) |
| Endosymbiosis | Two species living together, with on living inside the body (or even the cells) of the other. |
| Eukaryotes | Organisms whose cells contain their genetic material inside a nucleus. Includes all life other than the virus, archaea, and bacteria. |
| Evolution | any gradual change. Most often refers to organic or Darwinian evolution, which is the genetic and resulting phenotypic change in populations of organisms from generation to generations. |
| Gene | A unit of heredity. Used here as the unit of genetic function which carries the information for a single polypeptide or RNA. |
| Genome | The complete DNA sequence for a particular organism or individual. |
| Hypothesis | A tentative answer to a question, form which testable predictions can be generated. |
| Metabolism | The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism, or some subset of that total (as in respiratory metabolism.) |
| Model System | Or model organisms, these include the small group of species that are the subject of extensive research. They are organisms that adapt well to laboratory situations and findings from experiments on them can apply across a broad range of species. |
| Natural Selection | The differential contribution of offspring to the next generation by various genetic types belonging to the same population. The mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. |
| Nucleotide | The basic chemical unit in nucleic acids, consisting of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base. |
| Null Hypothesis | The assertion that an effect proposed by its companion hypothesis does not in fact exist. |
| Organelle | Any of the membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell. Examples include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. |
| Photosynthesis | Metabolic processes, carried out by green plants, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to synthesize compounds such as ATP and glucose |
| Prokaryotes | cells that consist of DNA and other biochemicals enclosed in a membrane |
| Protein | Long-chain polymer of amino acids with twenty different common side chains. Occurs with its polymer chain extended in fibrous proteins, or coiled into a compact macromolecule in enzymes and other globular proteins. |
| Scientific Method | A means of gaining knowledge about the natural world by making observations, posing hypotheses, and conducting experiments to test those hypotheses |
| Species | Base unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of an ancestor-descendant group of populations of evolutionarily closely related, similar organisms. |
| Unicellular | Consisting of a single cell hat carries out all the function of life. |
| multicellular | made up of many cells that are specialized for different functions |
| Species | A group of organisms that can produce viable and fertile offspring with one another |
| Sexual Selection | Selection due to mate choice |
| Genetic Drift | the random fluctuation of gene frequencies in a population due to chance events |
| Proteins | molecules that govern the chemical reaction within cells and form much of an organism's structure. |
| Genes | Specific segment of DNA encoding the information the cell uses to make protiens |
| nucleotides | contain genetic information |
| DNA | long sequences of 4 different subunits called nucleotides |
| mutations | alteration of the genome |
| nutrients | supply the organism with energy and raw materials for carrying out biochemical reactions |
| synthesis | the most basic cellular work is building new complex molecules and structures from smaller chemical units. |
| metabolism | all the chemical transformations and other work done in all the cells of an organism |
| cyanobacteria | early photosynthetic cells |
| Aerrobic Metabolism | energy production based on the conversion of O2 (more efficient than anaerobic metabolism) |
| Anaerobic Metabolism | energy production not based on O2 |
| Nucleus | dense appearing core that contains the cells genetic information |
| mitochondria | a membrane enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cell and are the cell's power producer. They convert energy into forms that are usable by the cell |
| Chloroplasts | organelles found in plant cells and other eukaryotic organisms that conduct photosynthesis |
| Cellular Specialization | The permanent association of cells enableing multicellular eukaryotes to increase insize and become more efficient gathering and adapting |
| Speciation | An evolutionary process when two groups divere to the point where their members can no longer reproduce w/each other and become distint species |
| Genus | A group of species that share a recent common ancestor |
| Systematists | scientists who study the evolution and classification of Life's diverse organisms |
| Phylogenetic trees | documentation and diagrams the evolutionary relationships |
| Microbial Eukaryotes | unicellular eukaryotes |
| Inductive Logic | to take observations or facts and creating a new proposition that is compatible with those observations or facts. (hypothesis) |
| Deductive Logic | A prediction of what facts would also have to be true to be compatible with hypothesis |
| Independant Variable | The variable that is manipulated. |
| Dependant Variable | The response that is measured |
| Data | Quantified observations |
Created by:
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