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Learning Biology
| Question | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer | Answer |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| proposition that might be true; suggested explanation that account for observations | hypothesis | ||||||
| the test of a hypothesis | experiment | ||||||
| experiment in which one variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis | test experiment | ||||||
| experiment in which variable is left unaltered | control experiment | ||||||
| understanding a complex system by reducing it to its working parts | reductionism | ||||||
| type of research intended to extend the boundaries of what we know | basic research | ||||||
| experiments and conclusions are reviewed by other scientists by this process | peer reviews | ||||||
| English naturalist who wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection | Charles Darwin | ||||||
| concept created from repeated observations of variance in characteristics of similar speciea | natural selection | ||||||
| important contributer to Darwin's evolution theory | Thomas Malthus | ||||||
| have the same evolutionary origin, but they now differ in structure and function | homologous | ||||||
| have similar function but differ in evolutionary origins such as the wings of birds and butterflies | analogous | ||||||
| information that specifies what a cell is like | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | ||||||
| specific sequences of several hundred to many thousand nucleotides make up this which is a discrete unit of info | gene | ||||||
| the entire set of DNA instructions that specifies a cell | genome | ||||||
| biologists divide life's great diversity into 3 great groups called domains which are | Bacteria | Archaea | Eukarya | ||||
| single-celled organisms with little internal structure that fall into the domains of Bacteria and Archaea | prokaryotes | ||||||
| organisma composed of complex, organized cell of multiple complex cells that fall into the domain of Eukarya | eukaryotes | ||||||
| 4 main groups (kingdoms) within Eukarya | Kingdom Protists | Kingdom Plantae | Kingdom Animalia | Kingdom Fungi | |||
| a statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data | scientific theory | ||||||
| any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space | matter | ||||||
| nucleus of atom is composed of what 2 portions | protons | neutrons | |||||
| charge of proton | (+) positive charge | ||||||
| charge of neutrons | no charge | ||||||
| charge of electrons | (-) negative charge | ||||||
| the atomic number of atoms is defined by what | number of protons | ||||||
| chemical behavior of atom is due to what | number and configuration of electrons | ||||||
| any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means | element | ||||||
| the amount of a substance | mass | ||||||
| the force gravity exerts on a substance | weight | ||||||
| mass of atoms and subatomic particles is measured in what units | daltons | ||||||
| atoms with the same number of protons and electrons are electrically neutral and are called what | neutral atoms | ||||||
| atoms in which the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons | ions | ||||||
| an atoms having more protons than electrons has a net positive charge and is called | cation | ||||||
| an atom having fewer protons than electrons carries a net negative charge and is called | anion | ||||||
| atoms of a single element that possess different numbers of neutrons are called | isotopes | ||||||
| sum of the masses of protons and neutrons | atomic mass | ||||||
| nucleus breaks up into elements w/ lower atomic # and emits energy | radioactive decay | ||||||
| decay time, the time it takes for one-half of atoms in sample to decay | half-life | ||||||
| lowest energy level orbital | K | ||||||
| lowest level orbital closest to nucleus holds how many electrons | 2 | ||||||
| formula for calculating maximum electrons needed to fill each orbital | 2 times n squared; n = orbit from nucleus | ||||||
| loss of electron in chemical reaction | oxidation | ||||||
| gain of electron in chemical reaction | reduction | ||||||
| processes of oxidation and reduction are coupled in same reaction | redox reactions | ||||||
| number of elements that occur naturally | 90 | ||||||
| electrons in outermost energy level | valence electrons | ||||||
| atoms possessing all 8 electrons in outer energy level | inert (nonreactive) | ||||||
| atoms tend to establish completely full outer energy levels | Octet rule (rule of eight) | ||||||
| group of atoms held together by energy in stable association | molecule | ||||||
| molecule containing atoms of more than one element | compound | ||||||
| join atoms in molecule | chemical bonds | ||||||
| result when atoms w/ opposite charges attract each other | ionic bonds | ||||||
| 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons | covalent bonds | ||||||
| difference in affinity for electrons | electronegativity | ||||||
| bonds b/w identical atoms; electrons equally shared | nonpolar | ||||||
| atoms that differ greatly in elecronegativity; electrons not shared equally | polar covalent bonds | ||||||
| formation and breaking of chemical bonds | chemical reaction | ||||||
| molecules resulting from chemical reaction | products | ||||||
| attraction for other polar substances | adhesion | ||||||
| polarity of water allows water molecules to be attracted to one another | cohesive | ||||||
| any substance that dissociates in water to increase the H+ | acid | ||||||
| a substance that combines with H+ when dissolved in water | base | ||||||
| substance that resists changes in pH; act by releasing and absorbing hydrogen ions to keep H+ relatively constant | buffer | ||||||
| molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen | hydrocarbons | ||||||
| carbon atoms can form how many covalent bonds | 4 | ||||||
| the study of living things - the science of life | biology | ||||||
| 7 characteristics shared by living systems | cellular organization | ordered complexity | sensitivity | growth, development, and reproduction | energy utilization | homeostasis | evolutionary adaption |
| the hierarchical organization | cellular level | organismal level | populational level | ecosystem level | the biosphere | ||
| the fundamental elements of matter | atoms | ||||||
| applies general principles to predict specific results; the resoning of mathematics and philosophy used to test the validity of general idea in all brances of knowledge | deductive reasoning | ||||||
| from specific to general; uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles; modern biology uses this type of reasoning | inductive reasoning |
Created by:
asattig
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