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week 6-1
Population, Urbanization and the Environment Glossary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| age–sex (or age–gender) pyramid; also population pyramid | a graphic representation of the age and gender structure of a society |
| census | a count of the entire population of a country |
| concentric zones model | a theory in urban sociology holding that population characteristics and land use change systematically as you move away from the center of the city, such that they are arranged roughly as a series of rings around the center of the city |
| crude birthrate | the number of babies born each year for every 1000 members of the population |
| crude death rate | the number of deaths each year per 1000 members of the population |
| demographic transition theory | the theory that societies pass through phases based on economic development, which affects the birth and death rates |
| demography | the scientific study of population |
| ecological demography | a field that combines the studies of demography and human ecology |
| ecological globalization | the worldwide dispersion of problems involving relationships between humans and the physical environment |
| emigration (vs. immigration) | migration of people from one society to another (also called out- migration) |
| gentrification | the movement of the upper class into older central-city neighborhoods, leading to renovation of buildings and a turnover in neighborhood population |
| gemeinschaft | German for community, a state characterized by a sense of common feeling among the members of a society, including strong personal ties, sturdy primary group memberships, and a sense of personal loyalty to one another; associated with rural life |
| gesellschaft | German for society, a form of social organization characterized by a high division of labor, less prominence of personal ties, the lack of a sense of community among the members, and the absence of a feeling of belonging; associated with urban life |
| human ecology | the study of the interdependence between humans and their physical environment |
| immigration (vs. emigration) | the migration of people into a society from outside (also called in-migration) |
| infant mortality rate | the number of deaths per year of infants less than one year old, for every thousand live births |
| life expectancy | the average number of years individuals and the group can expect to live |
| Malthusian theory | after T.R. Malthus, the principle that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence (food) level needed to sustain it |
| Overurbanization | a situation common among less-developed countries, in which the population of cities expands beyond what can be supported by the economy of these cities |
| population density | the number of people per square mile |
| rational choice theory | theory positing that choices human beings make are guided by logical reason |
| sex ratio (gender ratio) | the number of males per 100 females |
| urbanization | the process by which a community acquires the characteristics of city life |
| vital statistics | information about births, deaths, marriages, and migration |
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