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Chapter 2 Test
The Chemical Context of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| EJECTS A SPRAY OF BOILING HOT LIQUID FROM GLANDS IN ITS ABDOMEN | BOMBARDIER BEETLE |
| ANYTHING THAT TAKES UP SPACE AND HAS MASS | MATTER |
| SUBSTANCE THAT CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN TO OTHER SUBSTANCES BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS | ELEMENT |
| AMOUNT OF ELEMENTS THAT OCCUR IN NATURE | 92 |
| Latin word for Sodium (Na) | Natrium |
| A substance containing two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio | Compound |
| Amount of natural elements essential to life | 25 |
| 4 elements most common to living things (make up 96% of living matter) | Carbon, C, Oxygen, O, Hydrogen, H, Nitrogen, N |
| Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities | Trace elements |
| The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element | Atom |
| Three kinds of particles stable enough to be of relevance | Neutrons, protons, electrons |
| Form the atomic nucleus at the center of the atom | Neutrons and protons |
| Dense core at the center of the atom | Atomic nucleus |
| Form a cloud around the nucleus | Electrons |
| Electrically charged | Electrons and protons |
| Unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles | Dalton, same as amu |
| British scientist who helped develop the atomic theory | John Dalton |
| Number of protons unique to an element, written as subscript to the left of an element | Atomic number |
| Sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, top left | Mass number |
| Total mass of an atom, approximate to mass number | Atomic mass |
| Different atomic forms when atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element and therefore have a greater mass | Isotopes |
| The nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy | Radioactive isotope |
| The capacity to cause change, for instance by doing work | Energy |
| The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure | Potential energy |
| Different states of potential energy that electrons have in an atom | Energy levels |
| Average distances from the nucleus represented symbolically by.. | Electron shells |
| Rows corresponding to the number of of electron shells in their atoms | Periods |
| Columns | Groups |
| Amount of electrons the first shell can hold | 2 |
| Amount of electrons the second shell can hold | 8 |
| Outer electrons | Valence electrons |
| Outermost electron shell | Valence shell |
| Chemically unreactive (helium, neon, and argon) | Inert |
| Space where an electron is found 90% of the time | Orbital |
| Interactions that usually result in atoms staying close together, held by attractions called... | Chemical bonds |
| Strongest kinds of chemical bonds | Covalent and ionic bonds |
| The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms | Covalent bond |
| Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds | Molecule |
| A pair of shared electrons | Single bond |
| H-H | Structural formula |
| H2 | Molecular formula |
| Bonding capacity, usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's outermost (valence) shell | Valence |
| The attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond | Electronegativity |
| Bond where electrons are shared equally | Nonpolar covalent bond |
| Electrons of a bond are not shared equally | Polar covalent bond |
| Charged atom or molecule | Ion |
| When the charge of an atom is positive | Cation |
| A negatively charge ion | Anion |
| Attraction between cations and anions | Ionic bond |
| Compounds formed by ionic bonds | Ionic compounds, or salts |
| Forms when a hydrogen atom covalently binder to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom | Hydrogen bond |
| "Hot spots" of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms to stick to one another, weak and occur only when atoms are very close together | Van der waals interactions |
| The making and breaking of chemical bonds | Chemical reactions |
| Starting materials | Reactants |
| The point at which the reactions offset one another exactly | Chemical equilibrium |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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