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Circulatory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blood is made up of | plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets |
| plasma | mostly water, containing dissolved material including inorganic ions, nutrients, and proteins |
| inorganic ions in plasma | salts, minerals, wastes |
| protiens in plasma | antibodies, enzymes, hormones, clotting factors |
| red blood cell | (erthyroctyes), float in plasma, produced in bone marrow,mature ones do not have nucleus, red due to hemogloben |
| hemoglobin | iron containing pigment which carries oxygen |
| white blood cell | (leukocytes), larger than red blood cells, contain one or more nuclei, produced in bone marrow & lymph nodes, consist of phagocyts & lymphocoyts |
| phagocyte | engulf & destry antigens (bad guys) @ infection site, move around & travel in/out of capillaries by ameboid movement using pseudopods and cytoplasmic streaming, surround/ingest antigens by phagocytosis |
| lymphocyte | produce antibodies,antigens, immune response |
| antibodies | special protein molecules which react chemically with foreign substances or mocroorganisms in blood & inactivate them |
| antigen | causes antibody production (usually proteins) |
| immune response | antigen-antibody reaction |
| immunity | ability to resist a specific disease, a function of antibodies |
| active immunity | when antibodies are produced in response to a foreign substance (called antigen), antibodies remain to fight same disease in future |
| passive immunity | when person gets antibodies from blood of another person or animal, antibodies are borrowed & gradually destroyed |
| vaccination | viruses/bacteria are disabled/broken into parts&purposely injeted into person/animal, their immune system learns to recognize foreign protein&make antibodies against it, when body is exposed to real pathogen antibodies kick in immediately & kill pathogen |
| allergy | common substances (ex. pollen, mold, dust, pet dander), antibodies release nistamines which cause sneezing, caughing, rash, eye-watering, etc. |
| platelets | small cell fragments involved in clotting of blood, have only cytoplasm and cell membrane, no nucleus |
| blood clotting | a break in blood vessel, ruptured as they reach wound which releases enzymes which causes fibrogen in plasma to converted into fibrin |
| fibrogen | a protein which is normally dissolved |
| fibrin | forms a meshwork across wound which traps blood cells and forms a clot, then a scab |
| blood typing | the proteins on an erthyrocytes (red blood cell) surface can cause a reaction if transfoused into the wrong person, because of this we call these proteins antigens |
| rejection | an immune response to a blood transfusion or an organ transplant, we type blood/organs so we know what will be compatible with each persons system (ex. A B O blood typing system) |
| A B O system | 2 types of antigens on red blood cells (A and B, not including Rh), plasma contains potential antibodies anti-A and anti-B |
| Rh factor | protein in blood named after Rhesus monkeys where it was discovered, 85% in U.S. said to be Rh positive, if exposed Rh-people can make antibodies against it |
| antibodies in the transfused plasma are... | ...diluted by the recipients plasma and don't act on blood |
| blood vessels | arteries, veins, capillaries |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart, are thick walled muscular vessels which pulse to help pump blood (ARTERIES AWAY) |
| veins | go toward heart, are thin walled, and have valves to prevent backflow |
| capillaries | tiny blood vessels, 1 cell layer thick, most exchange of material between blood and body tissues occurs here |
| as blood is forced through capillaries... | ...some plasma is squeezed out, into surrounding tisses where it bathes the cells and contains dissolved nutrients, wastes etc. it is now called ICF |
| excess ICF is drained from tissues by... | ...lymph vessels |
| once inside a lymph vessel ICF is called... | lymph |
| lymph vessels get bigger and bigger until eventuaully they lead back to... | ...veins near heart where it re-enters the blood |
| lymph nodes | large lymph vessels have these, wide pockets in lymph vessels where phagocytes filter bacteria and dead cells from lymph, some have 1-way valves |
| blood pressure | exerted by blood on walls of arteries |
| systole | pressure during cotntraction, its the highest blood pressure (systolic blood pressure) |
| diastole | blood pressure during relaxation phase of heart beat (lowest blood pressure) |
| 120/80 | normal blood pressure |
| pulmonary circulation | blood pathway between heart and lungs |
| systematic circulation | circulation between heart and body |
| coronary circulation | between heart and heart muscle |
| cardiovascular diseases | diseases of heart and blood vessels |
| hypertension | high blood pressure caused/made worse by stress, diet, heredity, cigarette smoking, aging |
| coronary thrombosis (heart attack) | blockage of a coronary artery causing oxygen deprivation and heart muscle damage/death |
| angina pectoris | narrowing of coronary artery causing intesne pain in chest/left arm due to temporary oxygen starvation |
| anemia | blood can't carry enough oxygen due to inadequate amounts of hemoglobin on red blood cells or not enough red blood cells, can be due to lack of iron in the diet |
| leukemia | form of cancer where bone marrow produces too many red blood cells |
Created by:
mgorcz
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