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Virus/bact/archaea
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What do prokaryotes use for reproduction? | binary fission |
| what is the first step in binary fission? | conjuction: donor cell passes DNA to a recipient cell through temporary sex pilus |
| What is the 2nd step in binary fission? | transformation: prokaryotes obtain DNA from the environment |
| what is the 3rd step in binary fission? | transduction: phage transfers DNA from one host to another |
| What are the three classifications of prokaryotes | Obligate aerobes obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes |
| what does obligate aerobes require? | oxygen |
| what do obligate anaerobes require | no oxygen |
| what do facultative anaerobes prefer? | oxygen, can survive without it |
| How do prokaryotic saprotrophs get their nutrients? | dead/decaying plants or animals |
| How did the gram stain procedure classify bacteria? | if gram-positive the peptidoglycah layer stains purple; if gram-negative the thin peptioglycan turns pink |
| Bacteria type: cyanobacteria | photosynthetic, in freshwater, salt water, moist soil |
| Bacteria type: nitrogen-fixing bacteria | convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate or ammonium compounds that plants can absorb from soil |
| Bacteria type: actinomycetes | produce valuable antibiotics |
| Bacteria type: human pathogens | many bacteria that can cause salmonella, gonorhhea, anthrax |
| thee shapes of bacteria | bacilli, cocci, spirlla |
| bacteria shape: bacilli | rod |
| bacteria shape: cocci | round-spherical |
| bacteria shape: spirilla | spiral, helical |
| How does domain archaea differ from domain bacteria? | archaea have different rRNA, chemicals in membranes, cell walls |
| archaea type: methanogens | obligate anaerobes (no oxy); lake bottoms, sewage treatment plans, animal guts; release methan as they produce ATP |
| archaea type: halophiles | live in salty environments |
| archaea type: thermoacidophiles | live in acidic environments when temperatures above 80 degrees celcius |
| What makes viruses non-living? | they're non-cellular |
| what is the structure of a virus? | outer covering that contains helical or polyheadral capsid made of protein; inner core that contains the DNA, RNA, and enzymes |
| capsid | in a protein membranous envelope |
| viral reproduction: lytic cycle | caused by virulent viruses to reproduce by causing the host cell to burst and release new viral particles |
| steps of the lytic cycle | attachment: capsid to bacteria wall; penetration: enzymes digest part of the cell well so viral DNA can enter host cell; Biosynthesis: virus inactivates some host genes and uses host's cellular machinery to synthesize viral DNA and make protein |
| last two steps of the lytic cycle | maturation: new viral particles mature when viral DNA and capsit are assembled; release: host cell wall lyses and kills host, new particles are released |
| viral reproduction: lysogenic cycle | contains latent viruses which delay reproduction |
| 2 phases of the lysogenic cycle | integration: attachment and penetration, viral DNA is inserted into host's chromosome; prophage initiates lytic cycle where viral DNA becomes prophage that gets replicated along with its host's chromosome |
| animal viruses | capsid and envelope are separated from the nuleic acid once the virus has entered the host cell; DNA or RNA direct synthesis of new viral particles that take host's plamsa, don't destroy it |
| retroviruses | produce reverese transcription, DNA is inserted into the host's chromosome, resultin in production of new viral particles each time hosts DNA is transcribed- HIV |
| Viroids | tightly wound strands of RNA w/o protein coat, damage crops |
| prions | protein coated, change shape to form abnormal proteins that have been linked kill sheep and mad cow |
| structure of a prokaryotic cell: outer cell wall | peptiodoglycan, produce capsules around cell wall for protection; some: bristle-lke fibers to attach to host, flagella for locomotion |
| structure of prokaryotic cell: nucleoid region | no nucleus, single circular chromosome for protection; plasmids which re accessory DNA that can be removed and used to transport region genes for genetic engineering purposes |
| simplified binary fission | a prokaryotic cell is one single strand of DNA, it gets replicated, attaches to the cel membrane, begins to pull apart, pinch it to separate, 2 single stands of circular DNA |
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