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Biology mid-term
biology mid-term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how are these terms related:hypothesis, theory, law? | Hypothesis that has been tested over and over and proven true is a theory. A theory that has been tested over and over and proven true is a law. |
| how are theories changed? | Especially with the emergence of new technology, new data can emerge that proves a current theory to be wrong or in need of revision. |
| what is the difference between independent and dependent variable | Independent variable is the factor the scientist will change in order to test its effect. Dependent variable is the result of the change made by the scientist. It was caused by the IV. |
| what is a control and what purpose does it serve | the “normal” run. It serves as a standard to compare your other tests too. |
| why should multiple trials be tested in an experiment | ensures a consistency of results. |
| design an experiment on how you would test the effect of caffeine on fish | ex.get 2 tanks. put caffeine in one and leave the other clean as your control. the iv is the caffeine in the tank. the dv is the effect on the fish. my hypothesis is that the fish with the caffeine in its tank will die because it cant take that in. |
| what are the characteristics of all living things | made of cells, contain DNA, reproduce, grow and develop, obtain and use energy, maintain stable internal conditions (homeostasis), as a group change over time, respond to stimuli. |
| what is the basic unit of all living things | cell |
| how are prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells | Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus or organelles. They are usually smaller and make up one-celled organisms. Eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus and organelles are usually bigger and make up one-celled or multicellular organisms. |
| function of a lysosome | break down and recycle wastes in cell. |
| function of a ribosome | synthesize proteins |
| function of the mitocondria | breaks down glucose into ATP (provides cell with energy) |
| function of the golgi apparatus | modifies, sorts, and packages materials to be shipped around or out of cell. |
| function of the nucleus | contains directions for making proteins. Essentially runs the cell. |
| what organelles are found in plant cells but not animal cells | Plant cells contain chloroplast (used in photosynthesis to make glucose), cell wall, and a very large vacuole. |
| function of carbohydrates | main source of energy that’s very easy to access. |
| function of lipids | stores energy but is harder to access. |
| function of nucleic acids | Stores and transmits genetic info (ex. DNA, RNA) |
| function of proteins | serves the cell in multiple ways including speeding up reactions (enzymes), making up cell structure and building blocks of cells, etc. |
| what is the basic unit of protein | amino acids |
| what are enzymes | speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. |
| why are enzymes important to a cell | they allow reactions that would normally not happen given the body’s conditions to actually take place pretty quickly. |
| how do enzymes speed up a reaction | by lowering activation energy (the amount of energy needed for the reaction to occur). |
| what is the function of the cell membrane | regulates what comes in and out of the cell. It only allows certain things in and out. |
| what are the 3 parts of the cell membrane? what role do they play in transport? | made of a lipid bilayer (only lets in really tiny molecules through passive transport), protein pumps/channels (allows large molecules to pass through passively or actively), carbohydrates (act as chemical id tags for cell). |
| what are the differences between active and passive transport? what role do they play? give examples of each | Active Transport requires energy to move particles from a low to high concentration. Ex: endocytosis and exocytosis. Passive Transport occurs naturally and does not require energy to move particles from high to low concentration. Ex:diffusion and osmosis. |
| what is diffusion? give an example? | movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
| what is exocytosis? | actively moves large materials out of cell through the pinching of the cell membrane. |
| what is osmosis? | diffusion of water. |
| hypertonic | more concentrated solution, causes cell to shrink. |
| hypotonic | less concentrated solution, causes cell to blow up |
| isotonic | same concentration as cell itself, cell stays the same. |
| how are autotrophs and heterotrophs different? give an example of each | Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food (photosynthesis) by converting the sun’s energy into glucose. Example: plants, algae; Heterotrophs are organisms that get their energy by eating other organisms for energy. |
| what is photosynthesis? give chemical equation | carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) + sunlight => glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2) |
| where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? | chloroplast |
| what is cell respiration? give equation | glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2) => carbon dioxide (CO2)+ water (H2O) + energy (ATP) |
| where does cell respiration take place? | mitochondria |
| number of ATPs produced in glycolysis, aerobic, anaerobic | 2, 36, 2 |
| which stores more energy: glucose or ATP | Glucose stores more energy than ATP. |
| where does the energy to make ATP come from? | In respiration, the energy in glucose is released and used to make ATP molecules (from ADP) |
| how is energy released from ATP when a cell needs to use that energy? | When a cell needs energy, it will release a phosphate from ATP. This releases a small amount of energy. |
| how does the energy in ATP ultimetly come from the sun | energy from the sun was transformed into chemical energy and stored into glucose molecules. then, those molecule's energy was taken and transfered into the ATP cells. |
| in which phase does a cell spend most of its time? | Interphase (G1, S, G2) |
| what happens in the G1 phase? | cell grows and develops |
| what happens in the S phase? | cell duplicates its DNA |
| what happens in the G2 phase? | cell prepares for division by producing the organelles needed for division (like centrioles and spindle fibers) |
| what happens in the M phase? | cell divides (mitosis and cytokinesis) |
| what are the order of the phases for mitosis? | PMAT: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| what is the relationship between diploid and haploid? | diploid has two sets of chromosomes, haploid has only one set of chromosomes. Diploid is double the number of chromosomes as haploid. Haploid is |
| how many chromosomes are in a human diploid cell? Haploid cells? | human diploid = 46; human haploid =23 |
| how many chromosomes do plant cells produced from MITOSIS have in comparision to the original parent cells? | produces cells with the SAME number as the original cell. |
| how many chromosomes do cells produced from MEOSIS have in comparision to the original parent cell? | produces cells with HALF the number as the original cell. |
| what is cytokinesis? | After two new nuclei are formed, the cell pinches into two cells. |
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alix.harris13
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