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Praxis Biology 0235
praxis bilology 0235
| Answer | Question |
|---|---|
| biology | the science of life |
| cell | the smallest amount of living matter that is the unit of structure and function for all organisms |
| metabolism | set of chemical reactions that occur within the protoplasm, the living material of the cells |
| eukaryotic cells | cells owned by plants and animals in which the cell's genetic material is surrounded by a membrane |
| cytoplasm | the jelly-like fluid that is inside the cell and is a mixture of chemicals and water |
| cell membrane | the outer layer of a cell that serves as a wall to let food in and let waste out |
| organelle | the various organs of a cell that produce food, get rid of waste |
| genes | the material that is used to control all |
| prokaryotic | a type of cell that has no nucleus and has all the genetic material surrounded by it |
| mitosis | the way that eukaryotic cells divide to help cause growth. The nucleus of one cell divides into two identical nuclei |
| tissues | groups of cells that live together |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, which is considered as a computer program for the body. located in the nucleus |
| double hellix | the shape that DNA is formed within |
| chromosomes | the long strands that DNA comes in. Two DNA molecules held together by a central structure |
| bases | the millions of pairs of chemical compounds that make up DNA |
| cytosine, guanine, adenine, thymine | the four pairs of chemical compounds that connect together in DNA |
| gene | the small sections of DNA inherited by one's parents that determine certain heriditary features, like eye color |
| genetic modification | the act of selecting genes carefully that lead to a better yield of good characteristics |
| genome | the sum of an organism's genes |
| RNA | also known as ribonucleic acid, a complex molecule found in cells and viruses. Used by DNA to transport the instructions on how to develop the cell |
| proteins | complex molecules that cells use for all different types of jobs |
| mRNA | also known as messenger RNA. It carries out protein recipes from the DNA to the ribosomes |
| ribosomes | cell organs that manufacture proteins |
| tRNA | also known as transfer RNA, it decodes the recipes/instructions from the messenger RNA to produce certain proteins |
| rRNA | also known as ribosonal RNA and is located inside the ribosomes |
| RNA World | the idea that the earliest forms of living organsims were made out of RNA and not DNA. Life forms based on RNA evolved to the life forms that we see today |
| nucleus | the command center of the cell and is guided by the DNA contained within |
| mitochondria | the cell organelle that breaks down food and releases energy |
| lysosomes | cell organelle that breaks down food, cell waste and broken cell parts |
| vacuoles | cell organelle that stores water, waste products and food until needed |
| endoplasmic reticulum | cell organelle that moves waste, food and water inside a cell |
| golgi bodies | cell organelle that packs up protein ready to be sent out to the body |
| chloroplasts | plant cell organelles that trap light energy and enable plants to conduct photosynthesis |
| centromere | the center of the chromosome that holds the structure together |
| prophase | phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are visible and centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cells and threadlike spindle fibers start to spread across |
| metaphase | phase of mitosis in which the duplicated chromosomes line up along the center of the cell and each centromere attaches to two spindle fibers |
| anophase | phase of mitosis, in which identical chromosomes seperate and move to opposite sides of the cell |
| telophase | phase of mitosis, in which spindle fibers start to disappear and it becomes harder to see them and each of the seperated chromosomes creates a separate nucleus to |
| metabolism | the series of reactions that occur in the body to convert food into energy |
| catabolic metabolism | metabolic reactions that break down complicated models from food into simpler molecules |
| anabolic metabolism | metabolic reactions in which the simpler molecjules of food are built into more complicated molecules |
| cellular respiration | process in which glucose is broken down and is a catabolic reaction |
| glucose | a type of sugar that we get from food and is the main source of the body's energy. It is broken up in the mitochondrian as energy and water |
| photosynthesis | the process in which plants turn water and carbon dioxide and sunlight into photosynthesis |
| phylogeny | how organisms are organized through evolution |
| animals | multi-celled organisms that eat food to survive |
| plants | living organism that makes their own food through photosynthesis, including trees, weed, moss |
| fungi | creatures found sucking nutrients from dead animals and plants by breaking down their remains |
| protists | single celled creatures that are too small to see and have a nucleus and live in moist or wet surroundings |
| bacteria | prokaryotic cells that comes in many shapes, including spears, rods, and spirals and found in air, water, and living things |
| archaea | prokaryotic cells that are the oldest forms of life on Earth and survive in extreme conditions like hot springs, salt lakes, and underwater trenches |
| pathogenic | something that makes somebody sick |
| animal-like protist | a protist that captures food to eat, such as an amoeba, and are also known as protozoans |
| plant-like protist | a protist that uses sunlight to make food, like plankton and algae |
| hyphae | the tiny threads that fungi attach to their food with |
| sessile | an animal that does not move around, but is not dead |
| cellulose | the walls of a plant cell |
| chordata | phylum class for animals that have spinal chords |
| mammals | animals that have hair, breathe air, and nurse their young |
| flagellum | tails that plant-like protists use to transport themselves |
| pseudopod | temporary extensions of cytoplasm on a protozoan that they use to move |
| cillia | little hairs that protoists use to move through the water |
| fungus-like protists | protists that live on decaying plants and animals, like slime mold |
| parasites | protozoas that live in host organisms without providing any benefits |
| symbiosis | prozotoans that live in host organisms and help the host |
| ameboids | a protozoan that has a pseudopod to move around with and to eat with. |
| flagellates | protozoans that move with a flagellum and live in the water |
| cilliates | protozoans that move with cillia and have two nuclei- the micro nucleus and the macro nucleus |
| macronucleus | the nuclei of a cilliate protozoa that controls the day-to-day functions of a cell |
| micronucleus | the nuclei of a cilliate protozoa that controls reproduction |
| sprozoa | a protozoa that cannot move on its own and depends on living bodies for transport |
| fission | the way that bacteria reproduces asexually by producing two cells that are identical as the parent cell |
| arachnids | anthropods that are the most adaptable insects all over the world. they have a hard exoskeleton and jointed limbs and eight legs, like spiders and scorpions and mites and ticks |
| abdomen | the body of an arachnid that contains most of their organs |
| cephalothorax | the part of an arachnid that the mouth, eyes, and limbs are connected to |
| pedipalps | the pair of pinchers that are part of an arachnid's cephalothorax for grabbing things and deducting smells and vibrations |
| chelicerae | the pair of fangs that are part of an arachnid's cephalothorax an contain venom to kill their enemies |
| spinnerets | little glands located in the abdomen of a spider to make silk for spider webs |
| amphibians | vertebrate, back-bone bearing animals, like frogs, salamanders and newts. Born in the water, live on land and breed in the water. They are also cold-blooded |
| anura | a type of amphibian that has a short body, strong legs and no tail, like a frog |
| urodela | a type of amphibian thath as a long body, short legs and flattened tails for swimming |
| apoda | a type of amphibian that is a long-worm like creature |
| cnidarians | an aquatic invertabrate that has tentacles, including anemones and jellyfish |
| nematocyst | the points on the tentacles of a cnidarian that is used to stun prey |
| polyps | cnidarians, like sea anemones, that do not move as much at all |
| medusas | cnidarians, like jellyfish, that use their tentacles to move through the water. Reproduce by laying their eggs in the water |
| budding | the way that a polyp, a cnidarian, reproduces asexually by growing a small version of the plant called a bud that evenetually becomes its own organism |
| invertebrates | animals that do not have a backbone, like butterflies, sand dollars, and starfish |
| radial symmetry | a type of symmetry that certain invertebrate animals have in which body parts are arranged in a circle around a central point, like the starfish |
| bilateral symmetry | inverterate animals that have two halves that match if you draw a line down the center of their bodies, like butterfly |
| asynmetric animals | animals that do not have a shape at all, like sponges |
| sponges | a type of invertebrate that is very simple and filteres food that goes through its body |
| flatworms | a type of invertebrate that has a long flat body and bilateral symmetry. Most are parasites and live off of other organisms |
| roundworms | the most popular form of the invertebrate that is extremely tiny and lives in the soil and can be plant parasites, decomposers, or predators |
| mollusks | soft-bodied invertebrates that have a protective shell and muscular foot that allows them to move around and anchor themselves |
| annelids | segmented worms, like earthworms, and are made up of ringed segments |
| arthropods | the largest form of invertebrates that have jointed parts, like claws, legs, and antennae, bilateral symmetry, and segmented bodies |
| echnioderm | invertebrates that have a spiny skin, bone-like plates, water-filled network of veins, and bottom feet |
| spicules | the spiky part of a sponge's skin that keeps it from being eaten |
| spongin | the tough, elastic skin of a sponge |
| endothermic | warm-blooded and maintains a constant body temperature |
| monotremes | a group of mammals that lays eggs |
| marsupials | a group of mammals with pouches for infants who are not fully developed when they are born |
| placental mammals | a group of mammals whose children develop in the placenta, a sac-like organ filled with fluid that nourishes the growing embryo |
| vertebrates | animals with backbones or spinal columns, includes fish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds |
| notochord | a rod of stiffened tissue that develops into the backbone of a vertebrate as the animal grows |
| endoskeletal | an inner skeleton which offers support and protects the soft parts of an animal |
| ectotherm | a type of vertebrate whose body temperature changes with its surroundings, like reptiles |
| endotherm | a type of vertebrate that monitors their body temperature so it stays constant no matter where they are, like birds |
| jawless fish | also known as agnathans, these are fish without jaws so they have a round sucker mouth with teeth along the inside, like the lamprey |
| cartilagenous fish | fish that have skeletons made out of cartiledge, like sharks, scales and rays |
| bony fish | fish that have skeletons made out of bone |
| metamorphosis | the dramatic change an animal goes through on its way to becoming an adult |
| torpor | a hibernation that amphibians go through during the winter months |
| reptiles | a group of vertebrates that have dry scaly skin that protects them and keeps moisture inside their bodies and use lungs to breathe air |
| molt | reptiles shed their skin to grow |
| internal fertilization | the way that a reptile reproduces by having the male's sperm inside the female's body |
| lizards | a type of reptile with four legs ending in sharped clawed feet and bodies that taper off into tails, like the chameleon |
| snakes | a type of reptile that has no limbs |
| turtles and tortoises | reptiles that have protective shells and can live in land or in water |
| crocodilians | reptiles that live mainly in the tropics, have eyes and nostrils on top of theier heads |
| Jacobson's organ | an organ that reptiles have inside of the roof of their mouth to taste and smell |
| birds | vertebrate animals that are warm-blooded with two legs, wings, feathers, and a beak or a bill and lay hardshelled eggs and have hollow bones suitable for flying |
| air sacs | organs inside birds that ensure that their lungs constantly get fresh air |
| contour feathers | feathers on birds that grow on their wing and tail and help steer the bird as it moves through the air |
| down feathers | fluffy feathers on a bird's body that keeps it warm |
| gills | membranes filled with tiny blood vessels that a fish uses to get oxygen from water as blood flows through them |
| fins | organs that a fish uses to move through the water |
| scales | body part of a fish used for protection |
| swim bladder | a sac of gas inside a bony fish used to control their depth by either inflating or sinking |
| cartilage | a rigid, soft tissue that a cartiligeous fish's bones are made of |
| insects | a group of animals that belong to the arthropod phylum that have no backbone and have an exoskeleton |
| chitin | a protein that an insect's exoskeleton is made out of |
| sensilla | little spines on an insect that allow it to detect touch and vibration and air currents |
| antennae | flexible feelers that an insect has that can be used to touch and smell |
| compound eyes | eyes that some insects may have that haveh undreds of lenses that allow an insect to see many things at once |
| mandibles | the mouth parts of an insect that are used to chew up food and wood for nests |
| spiracles | jointed plates on an insect that are located in the abdomen and let in air so that an insect can breathe |
| xylem | a transport tissue found in plants that water travels from the roots to the leaves through...also known as wood |
| stomata | openings found on leaves that absorb carbon dioxide from the air |
| pallisade and spongy cells | cells found inside leaves that are important for photosynthesis and contain chloroplasts |
| chloroplast | organs inside pallisade and spongy cells of leaves that contain chlorophyll, an essential pigment for photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll | a green pigment found inside the chloroplasts of leaves. It traps the energy of the sunlight |
| algae | plant-like organisms that don't have roots, stems or leaves, but they have chlrophyll which allows them to do photosynthesis |
| phytoplankton | tiny forms of algae that form the basis of most saltwater food chains |
| green algae | the most common type of algae that produces half of the world's oxygen |
| red algae | algae that has chlorophyll, but also has a red pigment which helps them absorb sunlight from deep underwater |
| brown algae | algae that lives in the ocean too and consists mostly of seaweed and kelp |
| carrageenan | a substance found in red algae that is put in pudding and toothpaste to make them smooth |
| euglenoids | algae that have animal-like features including flagella and eye spots that are sensitive to light |
| diatoms | algae with cell walls that are rich in silica, the main component of glass |
| dinoflagellates | algae with a special type of flagellate that allows them to spin in circles |
| red tide | the redness of the sea caused by the overpopulation of dinoflagellates |
| algal blooms | an overpopulation of algae that can cover huge areas of water and devestate ecosystems by blocking out the sunlight from other organisms or secrete poison into the water |
| cyanobacteria | once considered blue-green algae, these single celled bacteria organisms have no cell nucleus |
| pollination | the process that plants use to reproduce. Insects travel from plant to plant dropping off pollen into the pistills |
| pistill | the central part of a flower that contains its female sex organs |
| stamen | the stems at the edge of the flower that contain the male sex cells called pollen |
| pollen | the male sex cells of a flower |
| seeds | undeveloped plants with stored food in a protective covering |
| vacscular plants | plants in which nutrients are delivered through special channels located in the stem |
| phloem | the system of tissues that transports mainly sugars inside a plant to help it grow |
| perennials | plants that grow up to live for many seasons and reproduce multiple times |
| annuals | plants that only live for a few seasons and reproduce only once, including flower box flowers and crop plants |
| gymnosperms | vascular plants that do not produce flowers or fruit, like conifers, cycads, gingkoes, and gnetophytes |
| vascular | means that a plant has tiny vessels that transport water and food through the roots, stems and leaves |
| evergreens | plants that keep their needles or slippery leaves all year round |
| conifers | gymnoperm plants that produce male and female cones |
| angiosperms | vascular plants that flower and produce fruit |
| monocots | angiosperms that have one seed leaf inside of their seeds |
| dicots | angiosperms that have two seed leaves inside their seeds |
| carnivorous | meat-eating |
| pitfall trap | a cup shaped growth with liquid inside that is found in carivorous plants, like the pitcher plant |
| lobster pot trap | inward hairs located inside a plant guide bugs to its stomach in a carnivorous plant |
| flypaper trap | a carnivorous plant with sticky beads that attract insects and then sucks the nutrients out of their decaying bodies |
| bladder trap | a carnivorous plant that sucks water into it along with the bugs that are in the water |
| nervous system | a network of nerves in the human body that send signals to your brain to make decisions |
| endocrine system | human body system that contains hormonal glands that control growth and reproduction |
| digestive system | human body system that breaks down food so that nutrients and water can be used for the body |
| urinary system | human body system that gets rid of chemical wastes by flushing them out |
| respiratory system | human body system that exchanges carbon dioxide for oxygen for breathing |
| circulatory system | human body system that has the heart pumping blood throughout the body |
| immune system | human body system that battles viruses and bacteria that try to make you sick |
| lymphatic system | human body system that makes sure that germ fighting cells get collected by blood tissue |
| reproductive system | human body system that helps humans make more humans |
| skeletal system | human body system made up of bones that hold the body up and protect the vital organs of the system |
| muscular system | human body system that allows your muscles to move |
| integumentary system | human body system that protects insides including skin, hair, and nails |
| hormones | biological chemicals responsible for regulating mood, organ function, growth, and metabolism |
| hypothalamus | part of brain that is important to the endocrine system because it sends messages from your brain to the pituitary gland and controls body temperature and food intake |
| pituitary gland | the lead organ of the endocrine system because it decodes messages from the brain to the other glands |
| thyroid | gland that controls how fast your body cells burn energy |
| parathyroid gland | gland that keeps the level of calcium in the blood at a certain level |
| adrenal glands | glands that regulate response to stress by releasing adrenaline, a hormone that gives one extra energy and speed during extremely harmful of stressful situations |
| pineal gland | gland that secretes the hormone melatonin, which is important for the sleep cycle, metabolism, and sexual development |
| pancreas | gland that secretes the hormone insulin, which regulates one's blood sugar |
| type 1 diabetes | disease that occurs when the pancreas can't produce enough insulin to control blood sugar |
| thymus | gland that helps the body fight off infections by producing T-cells that identify and kill germs in the blood |
| ovaries and testes | glands in women and men that produce the sex cells for reproduction |
| negative feedback | the way that hormone production is regulated by the cells producing chemicals that stop certain hormones from being released |
| gonadotropins | hormones released by the hypothalmus and pituitary gland that regulate puberty and make the ovaries and testes grow |
| estrogen | hormone released by the ovaries that cauess breast development, body shape changes, and menustration |
| testosterone | hormone released by the testes that causes voice changes, muscle mass, and facial hair |
| growth hormone | hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates cell division, causing growth |
| insulin | hormone released by pancreas to help body cells absorb sugar |
| epinepherine | hormones released from the adrenal glands during times of stress by telling the body to metabolize carbohydrates to produce extra energy |
| norepinephrine | hormone released from the adrenal glands during times of stress by raisng heart rate and blood pressure |
| brain | organ in the body that controls memory and the body's functions |
| cerebrum | the largest part of the brain that is divided into two halves called hemipsheres and controls thoughts |
| lobes | different parts of the cerebrum that control different kinds of thought |
| frontal lobe | lobe of the cerebrum that controls planning, problem solving and speech |
| temporal lobe | lobe of the cerebrum that controls memory |
| limbic system | organ underneath the cerebrum that controls emotions |
| thalamus | the brain's switchboard which passes information from the body to the correct part of the brain |
| cerebellum | located under the cerebrum, this part of the brain controls movement |
| brain stem | part of the brain that monitors and controls all the automatic functions that keep people alive |
| neurons | nerve cells that carry messages back and forth from the body |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that help carry an impulse from one neuron to another |
| autonomic nervous system | version of the nervous system that controls things that happen on their own, like heartbeat |
| somatic nervous system | version of the nervous system that controls voluntary actions like petting or talking |
| processes | extensions on a neuron that stretch out of its body and transmit messages throughout the nervous system |
| soma | a neuron cell's body |
| impulses | electric signals that neurons carry from one part of the body to another |
| dendrites | neuron processes that receive impulses passed on from other neurons |
| axons | neuron processes that carry impulses away from the neuron's body |
| myelin | a white, fatty substance that axons contain to speed up transmission of impulses |
| synapse | the fluid filled gap that axons are connected to in the neuron |
| sensory neurons | neurons that transfer impulses from sensory organs like the eyes and ears |
| motor neurons | neurons transmit signals from your central nervous system to your muscles, telling them to move |
| interneurons | neurons that transmit signals between sensory and motor neurons |
| heart | muscle that pumps blood through your body and handles circulation |
| coronary circulation | the flow of blood within the heart itself |
| pulmonary circulation | the flow of blood through the heart to the lungs trading carbon dioxide for oxygen |
| systemic circulation | uses the major arteries and veins to move oxygen rich blood throughout the body |
| superior and inferior vena cava | the veins that blood returns to the heart and lungs through |
| atrium | heart chamber that brings blood back into the heart |
| ventricle | heart chamber that pumps the blood out of the heart |
| right atrium | heart chamber that is filled with blood that was used by the body and needs to go back to the lungs for more oxygen |
| left atrium | heart chamber that is filled blood from the lungs that has oxygen and is ready to go through the body |
| blood | the body's liquid messenger that takes oxygen and nutrients to the body |
| bone marrow | the tissue inside the bones that blood is made in |
| red blood cell | also known as the erythrocyte, cells found in blood that carry oxygen to cells |
| hemoglobin | a protein on red blood cells that attach oxygen to it |
| white blood cells | also known as leukocytes, cells found in blood that prevent one from getting sick |
| platelets | cells found in the blood that help make clots when you get a cut |
| plasma | a clear but slightly yellow substance found in blood that includes antibodies, electrolytes and more |
| mechanical digestion | the physical breaking apart of food |
| chemical digestion | when chemicals called enzymes break food up into molecules that can be absorbed |
| salivary amylase | enzyme found in spit that breaks down carbohydrates |
| esophogus | a long tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
| stomach | organ that digests food with enzyme and other digestive juices like hydrochloric acid |
| chyme | the thick-milkshake consistency that food becomes once it is digested in the stomach |
| small intestine | organ that follows the stomach where most of the food's nutrients are absorbed |
| duodenum | the first part of the small intestine where digestive enzymes from liver and pancreas break up chyme into a soup of molecules small enough to enter the bloodstream |
| villi | finger-like organs that line up the small intestine that absorb the nutrients as they pass by |
| large intestine | the larger organ that follows the small intestine in digestion which absorbs water from the remaining chyme |
| rectum | the end of the large intestine where solid waste leaves the body |
| breathing | the process in which the body collects oxygen |
| lungs | organ that is fundamental for breathing |
| ribcage | bony structure that protects the lungs |
| diaphragm | dome shaped muscle that the lungs rest on |
| alveoli | tiny sacs found in the lungs that oxygen gets stored in |
| capillaries | blood vessels found on the alveoli that transport oxygen to the bloodstream |
| cornea | the outermost part of the eye that collects all light that is bouncing off the objects and focuses it into a small hole |
| pupil | the black spot that we all have in the center of our eyes |
| iris | the colored portion of the eye that opens and closes around the pupil depending on how much light there is |
| lens | organ behind the eye's pupil that foucses light back onto the eyeball |
| retina | special layer of tissue found in the back of the eye covered with photoreceptive nerve cells |
| photoreceptive | nerve cells that are sensitive to light and found in the eyes |
| rods | photoreceptive nerve cells that are sensitive to light and can be triggered by a single photon |
| cones | photoreceptive nerve cells that are less light sensitive and can detect color |
| sound waves | vibrations in the air around you |
| outer ear | the portion of the ear that is seen and has ridges that bounces soundwaves into the middle ear |
| auditory canal | tunnel the soundwaves from the outer ear travel to |
| tympanic membrane | also known as the ear drum, it vibrates like a real drum when soundwaves enter the ear |
| hammer | one of the small bones of the ear and it bounces against the anvil when sound hits the eardrum |
| anvil | one of the small bones in the ear that receives vibrations from the anvil and passes it onto the stirrup |
| stirrup | one of the small bones in the ear that creates vibrations in the inner ear from the hammer and anvil |
| inner ear | portion of the ear that is connected to nerve fibers that carry signals to the brain |
| deafness | the inabiliy to hear sound |
| sign language | a language involving hands that is used by deaf people |
| larynx | also known as the voice box, it is where your voice comes from and made up of cartilege, muscle and ligaments and is found in the trachea |
| vocal folds | two pairs of elastic membranes that stretch across the larynx |
| false vocal chords | thick muscular folds that protect the true vocal chords |
| true vocal chords | the portion of the vocal chords that produce sound |
| appendix | small tube attached to the large intestine |
| vestigial | something that has lost almost all of its use through evolution |
| appendicitis | a condition in which the appendix gets inflamed and can be painful |
| peritonitis | the condition, if not treated, when the inflamed appendix breaks and releases bacteria to the body. It can cause organ failure and death |
| appendectomy | an operation that removes the appendix during appendicitis |
| periosteum | thin membrane that is the outer layer of the bone |
| compact bone | a thick hard layer of bone that is below the periosteum |
| spongy bone | a soft layer of bone that is below the compact bone |
| marrow | a jelly-like substance found inside the bone, which produces the body's blood cells |
| vertebrae | little ring-shaped bones that make up the spine |
| ligaments | tough tissues that connect bones together |
| tendons | tough muscle tissue that connect bones to muscle |
| teeth | little bones found in the mouth that are responsible for cutting and crushing food |
| baby teeth | the first set of teeth that come out of a human baby as they are growing up |
| incisors | the front teeth that bite and chop off pieces of food to fit in your mouth |
| canine teeth | pointed teeth that help tear the food apart |
| premolars | also known as bicuspids, they are the teeth used for crushing and chewing |
| molars | larger and flatter teeth in the back that are used to crush food to mix with saliva to make it easier to swallow |
| wisdom teeth | the far-back molars that take forever to come out |
| enamel | the hard outer layer of the tooth |
| dentin | the soft inner layer of a tooth that supports the enamel and gives the tooth its shape |
| roots | portion of the tooth that connects the teeth to the jawbone |
| cementum | hard substance that covers the root and anchors the tooth in place |
| pulp | soft mass at the center of the tooth containing blood vessels and sensitive nerves |
| plaque | big blocks of food that stay in the teeth and release bacteria |
| cavity | holes caused by plaque buildup that expose the sensitive portion of the tooth |
| joint | any place where two or more bones meet |
| pivot joint | joint that is used to turn one's head |
| ball and socket joint | joint that is used by shoulders and arms. One bone ends in a ball shape that fits into the socket of the other bone |
| hinge joint | joint found in the knees that are less flexible but much more stable |
| gliding joints | joints found in vertebrae that slide in a back and forth motion |
| discs | pads of cartilage that cushion the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord from injury |
| synovial fluid | a substance that lubricates the cartilage and allows bones to slide over each other easily |
| spine | bone that supports the entire back and is the reason why one is able to stand up straight |
| cerebrospinal fluid | substance found in the center of the spinal chord that provides nourishment to spinal chord cells and serves as a shock absorber |
| grey matter | area surrounding spinal chord that has motorneurons responsible for voluntary movement and flexibility |
| white matter | porrtion of the spinal chord that reflects impulses to and from the brain |
| meninges | three layers of connective tissue that protect the spinal chord |
| papillae | the bumps found on a tongue |
| taste buds | organ beneath the papillae of a tongue that enables one to taste things |
| salivary glands | glands inside the tongue that produce saliva |
| saliva | liquid produced by salivary glands that helps break down chemicals and determine taste by traveling back to the tastebuds |
| umami | a meaty flavor sensed by the taste buds |
| olfactory cells | within scent organs that can detect more than 10,000 odors |
| olfactory membrane | a special kind of skin with hair in it located in your nose |
| olfactory bulb | an extension of the brain that determines smells based on the scents picked up by the cilia in the olfactory membrane |
| touch | one of the five senses that is experienced all over the body |
| dermis | the tiny nerve endings at the bottom of the skin |
| somatic senses | senses that are related to the body, like touch |
| mechanoreceptors | nerve receptors in the skin that sense pressure and vibration |
| hair cells | specialized mechanoreceptors in the ear that sense vibration and allow you to hear sound |
| thermoreceptors | special mechanoreceptors that allow you to sense temperature like hot and cold |
| proprioception | sense of touch that allows one to feel where they are in space |
| urea | poison from the bloodstream |
| kidneys | two organs in the lower back which the blood travels to get cleansed of urea |
| nephrons | filters located inside the kidney that help filter urea out of the blood |
| urine | a combination of waater, urea, and salts that you don't need |
| ureters | tubes that the urine from the kidneys travels through to the bladder |
| bladder | organ at the bottom of the body that fills up with the urine transported from the kidneys |
| sphincteres | circular muscles that keep urine from leaking out of the bladder opening |
| urethra | the tube that is connected to the outside world |
| involuntary muscle | other muscles that one cannot personally control, like the heart and digestive system |
| voluntary muscle | muscles tha allow you to move different parts of the body |
| skeletal muscles | muscles that move bones and work in teams to move the bones appropriately |
| pathogens | any types of germs and chemicals that can make people sick |
| skin | a shield that protects pathogens from entering the body |
| mucus | located in the nose, it is a substance that prevents pathogens from getting into the bloodstream |
| stomach acids | located in the stomach, it burns the bacteria off the food you eat |
| antibody | a protein that binds with molecules, called the antigen, that is found on the invading germ. the protein signals white blood cells to kill the invading germ |
| penis | the male sex organ |
| sperm cells | male sex cells produced in the testes |
| testicles | two rounded glands that hang down and produce the sperm cells |
| scrotum | the pouch below the penis that testicles are located |
| sperm duct | tube that the sperm travels through |
| ovaries | the sex glands of women |
| Fallopian tube | the way that the female's sex cell, the egg, travels inside the female reproductive system |
| semen | mixture of sperm and fluids |
| uterus | the large space in the female reproductive system where babies grow in |
| epidermis | the top layer of skin and made up of five layers |
| melanocytes | special skin cells that make the pigment melanin |
| melanin | pigment that gives skin its color |
| elastin and collagen | fibers of the dermis that gives the skin its structure, elasticity, and strength |
| dermis | layer of skin that is beneath the epidermis |
| hair follicle | sacs that produce the body's hair |
| sweat glands | glands in the skin that produce sweat |
| sebaceous glands | glands in the skin that produce sebum |
| sebum | skin chemical that lubricates and waterproofs the skin and hair to make them smooth and supple but can develop acne |
| hypodermis | layer of skin located beneath the epidermis and dermis which is mostly fatty tissue to protect the inner organs |
| lanugo hair | a fine lightly colored hair that covers your body when you are a baby |
| vellus hair | a peach fuzz that is light in color and no larger than 2 cm found on the underside of the arms in the body |
| terminal hair | thick and dark hair that is usually head hair and also found on legs, armpits and pubic areaa |
| follicles | little pouches that hair grows out of |
| cuticle | the outermost layer of hair and is sort of a protective outer layer |
| cortex | gives hair its strength and coloring |
| heredity | the passing of traits from parents to offspring |
| dominant trait | a trait in heredity that appears more frequently in the offspring |
| recessive trait | a trait in heredity that does not appear as frequently in the offspring |
| Punnett Square | helps scientists predict heredity from cross-breeding |
| carbohydrate | important biological molecule that is part of energy metabolism and storage in plants |
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