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patho digestive syst
patho
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| salivary glands produce___linter(s) of saliva per day | 1 Liter |
| increases salivation | parasympathetic |
| decrease amount of saliva | sympathetic |
| controled by the sutonomic nervous system | Esophagus |
| prevents reguritation of stomach contents | cardiac sphincter |
| three parts of the stomach in order | fundus, body, antrum |
| stomach pH | 4 |
| motility is increased by | gastrin |
| motility decreased by | secretin |
| protects the stomach from the acids | mucus |
| converted to pepsin in the environment of acidic gastric juices | pepsinogen |
| inactivated by alkaline environment | pepsin |
| produced by G cells in the stomach | Gastrin |
| Gastrin stimulates the secretion of | HCL, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, pancreatic enzyme, insulin |
| seeing smelling tasting chewing stimulating via the vagus nerve, the secretion of gastri, HCL, and prpsinogen | Cephalic phase |
| food, particularly proteins and distention of the stomach | Gastric phase |
| digested proteins stimulate secretion of acid by stomack | intestinal phase |
| has villi and microvilli for absorption | small intestine |
| duodenum jejunum ileum | parts of the small intestine |
| inflamation of the peritoneum | peritonitis |
| generally suppresses | sympathetic |
| generally sitmulates | parasympathetics |
| increased by chme comming to it from the stomach. | Motility |
| from teh duodenum, decrease GI motility and stimulates pancrease to make an alkaline juice | secretin |
| hormone that is released from the duodenum, stimulates gallbladder to eject bile and pancrease to make enzyme rich fluids | cholecystokinin |
| activates pancreatic enzyme trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen and is released when chyme is in the stomach | enterokinase |
| major function of the small intestine | absorption |
| absorbs 5-8 liters of water a day | duodenum |
| doesnt absorb much water | large intestine |
| parts of the large intestine | cecum colon rectum |
| intrinsic, controlled by autonomic nervous system | internal anal sphincter |
| voluntary | external sphincter |
| causes fecal particles to adhere to each other | mucus |
| stimuli of defecation | distention of rectal wall starts the reflex that relaxes the internal sphincter and intensifies peristalsis |
| most disorders of the digestive system are | chronic |
| ___GI problems can be serous due to F&E problems | Acute |
| most common frequent digestive complaint in the US | constipation |
| increased in defecation frequency or in teh fluidity and volume of feces | diarrhea |
| three types of pain | parietal,visceral, referred |
| localized and intense pain | parietal |
| poorly localized and dull pain | visceral |
| pain felt at some distance from the affected organ | referred |
| causes of upper GI bleeds | ulcers, bleeding varices in the esophagus |
| causes of lower GI bleeds | hemorrhoids, crohn's, cancer, inflammatory diseases |
| test for blood in the GI tract | hemacult test |
| acute large losses of blood lead to | shock |
| difficulty swallowing | dysphagia |
| difficult swallowing due to nerual problems that results in loss of neuromuscular coordination in teh lower esophagus. Leads to obsturction and distention of the esophagus | Achalasia |
| reflux of acidic chyme from teh stomach to the esophagus | GERD |
| herniation of a portion of the stomach into chest through a hiatus in the diaphram | Hiatal hernia |
| 90% of herniations, gastroesophegeal junction slides up higer than it shoul be | Sliding |
| LES does not roll up into chest, just part of teh fundus of the stomach. can impede blood flow to the stomach and lead to gastritis and ulcers | rolling |
| inflammatory disoder that erodes the stomach surface epithelium in a diffuse of localized pattern | acute gastritis |
| associated with chronic inflammatory changes and thinning and degeneration of teh muscle wall of the stomach can result in pernicious anemia or decrease in HCL production | chronic gastritis |
| a break in the mucosal lining of the lower esophagus, stomach or small intestine | peptic ulcer disease |
| risk factors for peptic ulcer disease | H. Pylori, alcohol, NSAIDS, caffeine, Bile reflux |
| most frequent occuring, males more than females, occurs in ages 20-50 most commonly, H.Pylori present | duodenal ulcer |
| chronic epigastric pain that begins 2-3 hours after eating when the stomach is empty and in the middle of the night, pain relieved by food, see more in the spring and fall | clinical manifestations of duodenal ulcers |
| less frequent occur after age 50 associated with cancer, usually in lower part of stomach down stream from acid and pepsin | gastric ulcer |
| pain relieved or increzased by food, blood in vomit and stool | characteristics of gastric ulcers |
| burn injury related | curling(ischemic) ulcer |
| CNS related associated with sever head trauma or brain surgery | cushing ulcer |
| may be slow bleeding may show as blood in the stool, shock, ineffective perfusion of organs, hypotension, hypoxemia and hypoxia | major complications of peptic ulcer disease |
| due to rapid entry of hypertonic stomach contents into the duodenum | dumping syndrome |
| malabsorption of iron | Anemia |
| obstructions that are mechanical | intrinsic lesions, extrinsic |
| obstruction that is functional | paralytic ileus |
| infants have hypertrophied sphincter muscle which doesnt let food pass from the stomach | pyloric stenosis |
| obstruction in infant caused by the telescoping of one part of teh colon on another part | intusssusception |
| congenital aganglionic megacolon | Hirschsprung's disease |
| twisting of teh intestines on its mesenteric pedicle | volvulus |
| decreased bowel sounds after surgery | paralytic ileus |
| the higher the obstruction the quicker you will see | vomiting |
| may comprimise resp. function | distention |
| the lower the obstruction the more the | distention |
| classification is done by using the Dukes stages A-D | cancer of the bowel |
| anywhere in the GI tract, seen in ages 10-30, autoimmune disease, transmural, 80% of small intestine involved, has skip lesions, non bloody diarrhea, low malignancy, right sided pain, 50% rectal involvment | Crohn's Disease |
| goes through the mucosa and submucosa, small intestine involvment normal, continuous lesions, bloody diarrhea, higher malignancy after 10 years, pain on left side more common and 95% of rectum involvment | ulcerative colitis |
| inflammation of vermiform appendix more likely to affect youth ages 10-19 | appendicitis |
| congenital absence of normal opening i the esophagus | esophageal atresia |
| anus never developed so there is no way to get fecal matter through | imperforated anus |
Created by:
dnoyes
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