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A&P 2 Reproductive
Repro System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| crossing-over | recombination of genes resulting in genetic diversity |
| What does meiosis do to the number of chromosomes in the offspring? | It reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. |
| diploid | 2N=46 |
| haploid | N=23 |
| # of autosomes in human | 44/22 |
| # of sex chromosomes in human | 2/1 |
| How many genes are in X chromosome? Y chromosome? | ~1000, ~78 |
| SRY | sex-determining region Y: signal embryo to develop testes |
| control gene | a gene that activates other genes |
| When does sex determination begin? | ~7 weeks |
| When do eggs mature in females? | Puberty |
| When do males begin to produce sperm? | Puberty |
| menarche? | onset of menstruation |
| What hormones are produced in the ovaries? | estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin |
| What is part of the female reproductive system? | gonads = ovaries, oviduct = Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina + accessory glands, external genitals |
| What cells are produced by the ovaries? | oocytes |
| What cells are produced by the testes? | spermatozoa |
| What hormones are produced by the testes? | androgen(testosterone), relaxin, inhibin, mullerian inhibition substance(MIH)or AMH(antio-mullerian hormone) |
| What are the parts of the male reproductive system? | epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, penis + acc glands |
| What are the male accessory glands and what do they do? | prostate, cooper's(bulbourethral) glands, seminal vesicles. semen production |
| What are the female accessory glands? | Skene's and Bartholin's glands. |
| What are the female organs modified from? | Mullerian ducts |
| What are the male organs modified from? | Wolffian ducts |
| Mutagen | cause change in dna. uv radiation, nuclear radiation, chemicals |
| carcinogen | agent causing cancer. UV radiation, nuclear radiation, chemicals |
| teratogen | agent causing development defects. nicotin, thalidomide (limb reduction), DES diethylstillesterol (reproductive tract cancer) |
| fraternal twins | dizygotiic |
| identical twins | monocytic, cleavage |
| What do the Wolffian ducts become? | vas deferens, epididymis, and part of ureter |
| What do the Mullerian ducts become? | fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, upper part of vagina |
| Where is MIS produced? | Sertoli cells |
| What is the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis? | hypothalamus pituitary gland gonads |
| What hormone does the hypothalamus produce? | GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone |
| What hormone does the pituitary gland produce? | gonadotropins |
| What are the gonadotropins? | FSH, LH |
| What are the gonads? | ovaries, testes |
| What is an "axis"? | a series of organs that regulate vertically in endocrine system |
| In what pattern is GnRH produced? | In a pulsatile pattern different in males and females |
| Where is FSH and LH produced and what are these hormones called? | Gonadotropins, produced in anterior pituitary. |
| What are in ovaries before puberty? | primordial follicles |
| What triggers the primordial follicle to become a primary follicle with an oocyte in it? | FSH |
| What are the cells that surround the oocyte and also anchor it to the secondary follicle called? | cumulus oophorus |
| What is the fluid filled space containing estrogen called in secondary follicle? | antrum |
| What triggers the 1 follicle to become a 2 follicle? | FSH |
| What is present in the antrum? | estrogen |
| What causes ovulation? | LH surge |
| What causes the rupture of the mature secondary follicle? | LH surge |
| What is the mature secondary follicle called? | Graffian follicle |
| What is the ring of cells called that surrounds the oocyte once it's out of the follicle? | Corona radiata |
| If the oocyte becomes fertilized and implanted, what happens to the follicle? | It becomes a corpus luteum - yellow body |
| what is a corpus luteum and what does it produce? | It is what a follicle becomes after pregnancy, it produces progesterone. |
| What happens to the follicle after ovulation if there is no fertilization? | It becomes corpus albicans - white body |
| Where does the zygote implant itself? | endometrium |
| What are the extensions reaching into the endometrium called during implantation? | chorionic villi |
| What does the chorionic villi secrete? | hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin |
| What does hCG do? | It stimulates progesterone secretion by corpus luteum |
| What feedback system is the hcg progesterone system? | positive feedback |
| What triggers spermatocytes to convert to spermatozia? | FSH |
| What is the tissue that produces sperm? | Spermatogonia |
| What is the testes composed of? | coiled seminiferous tubules |
| WHat are seminiferous tubles? | they are spermatogenesis tissue |
| What are the cells in between tubules in the testes? | interstitial cells of leydig - produce T |
| What hormone stimulates the production of T? | LH |
| What are sertoli cells? | nurse cells -nourish sperm, produce MIS, androgen, binding globulin to bind T, set up blood testes barrier |
| Karyotype | chart of chromosomes arranged by homologous pairs |
| non-disjunction | failure to separate during meiosis |
| translocation | part of one chromosome attached to another |
| XXX | female, may have infertility, mental disability |
| XXY | male, Kleinfelter's syndrome, tall, thin, long, thin bones, some breast development, low T, higher E, learning disability |
| XYY | male, Jacob's syndrome. Higher T, very tall, sociopathic behavior |
| XO | female, turner's syndrome, short, webbed neck, elbow angle, fertility and heart defects, wide spectrum |
| YO | non-viable |
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome | cells do not respond to androgens, cells may lack enzymes or receptors |
| Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) | group of disorders in which adrenal androgens are overproduced, causing masculinization |
| X-inactivation | Lyon hypothesis, when more than one X is present in a cell, total #-1 chromosomes become deactivated |
| Barr body | remnant of inactivated X |
| Endometriosis | ectopic endometrial tissue in ovaries, intestines, responds to hormones and becomes painful |
| Endometritis | inflammation of uterine lining |
| primary dysmenorrhea | painful menstruation, due to prostagladins, which can be inhibited by NSAIDs |
| Viagra | inhibits enzyme that breaks down NO. NO increases vessel dilation, presses on vein, blood doesn't leave |
| What kind of processes connect the posterior pituitary to the hypothalamus? | axons from hypothalamus project through the infindibulum to the posterior pituitary |
| What hormones are released from the posterior pituitary? | ADH, oxytocin |
| FSH | stimulate ovarian granulosa cells to produce estrogens and inhibin. promote oocyte maturation, act on sertoli to release inhibin, spermatogenesis |
| What is the analogous tissue in males to ovarian granulosa? | sertoli cells |
| LH | acts on theca and granulosa cells to +progesterone and estrogen act on leydig cells to + testosterone |
| inhibin in males | suppress FSH |
Created by:
jenbolaya
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