Question 1

What are the two main types of enzyme coupled receptors?

Accepted Answer

RTK (receptor is kinase enzyme) and cytokines (receptor-protein)

Question 2

Typical characteristics of RTKS:
1. They have a large ______ responsible for binding to _____

Accepted Answer

ectodomain, ligands

Question 3

Typical characteristics of RTKS:
2. They have a ________ side with a ___________

Accepted Answer

cytoplasmic, tyrosine-kinase domain

Question 4

Typical characteristics of RTKS:
3: undergo structural changes to activate the _________ domain

Accepted Answer

tyrosine-kinase

Question 5

Typical characteristics of RTKS:
4: Outside of cell, can either have a ________-rich domain or a _____ like domain

Accepted Answer

cysteine, immunoglobulin

Question 6

When a RTK is activated, what happens?

Accepted Answer

cross-phosphorylation occurs between kinase domains on two individual TRK domains

Question 7

Where does the signal molecule bind on a TRK domain?

Accepted Answer

On the non-cytosolic side, to two different TRKS

Question 8

What is the importance of phosphorylated domains?

Accepted Answer

They are where  intracellular signaling proteins bind

Question 9

How many sites are on a PDGF receptor

Accepted Answer

5 sites

Question 10

Name three things that bind to PDGF

Accepted Answer

1. PI-3 kinase
2. GAP
3. Phospholipase C-gamma

Question 11

Three ways a signal can be transduced:
1. binding to a _________ site
2. direct intreaction of ______
3. binding to a ________ in the membrane

Accepted Answer

1. phosphorylated
2. protein domains
3. phospholipid

Question 12

Signaling through Ras (1-6) are the upstream and 6-8 are downstream

Accepted Answer

1. Boss
2. Sev RTK
3. DrK
4. Ras-GEF
5. Ras 
6. Raf
7. Mek
8. ErK

Question 13

What are the downsteam components in Ras pathway called?

Accepted Answer

MAP kinase pathway

Question 14

What are the two possible outcomes of the MAP kinase pathway?

Accepted Answer

protein changes or gene expression changes

Question 15

What is the purpose of a scaffold protein?

Accepted Answer

Holds intracellular proteins in place as part of downstream signaling. Directly attacked to receptor

Question 16

The first yeast signaling involving scaffolds involves _______ and the second involves ______ synthesis

Accepted Answer

mating response, glycerol

Question 17

Mating response pathways involve:

Accepted Answer

Kinases A,B,C and GPCR

Question 18

Glycerol synthesis pathways involve:

Accepted Answer

Kinases A,D and a scaffold domain with kinase domain, osmailarity-sensing receptor

Question 19

While a mating factor will initiate the mating repsonse pathway, what initiates the glycerol synthesis pathway?

Accepted Answer

high osmolarity

Question 20

phosphoinositides occur when ___________ phosphorylates a __________ molecule

Accepted Answer

activated receptor, phospholipid

Question 21

What bind to phosphoinositides?

Accepted Answer

Activated intracellular proteins

Question 22

What is the significance of phosphoinositides, and name one for example

Accepted Answer

They are a part of the signaling pathway, i.e. PIP3 (not PIP2, which is the GPCR pathway)

Question 23

PIP2 leads to the activation of _____

Accepted Answer

PKC

Question 24

PIP3 leads to the activation of _____

Accepted Answer

PKB(Akt)

Question 25

When PIP3 is created, these two proteins can bind to them

Accepted Answer

PDK1 and Akt(PKB)

Question 26

This kinase phosphorylates the Akt(PKB)

Accepted Answer

mTOR

Question 27

An active Akt(PKB) plays a role in the phosphorylation of this

Accepted Answer

Bad

Question 28

Bad, when active, is bound to this

Accepted Answer

an inactive apoptosis-inhibitory protein

Question 29

When Bad is inactive, this means that the apoptosis inhibitory protein is

Accepted Answer

Active

Question 30

What does the apoptosis inhibitor do?

Accepted Answer

it saves the cell/keeps it from dying etc.

Question 31

What subunit is a major link between GPCR and RTK pathways?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipase C (either beta or gamma)

Question 32

The cytokine receptors are bound to _____

Accepted Answer

kinases

Question 33

The name of the cytokine-bound receptors are called ___

Accepted Answer

JAK

Question 34

Two cytokine receptors bind to just one _______ and ________ each other

Accepted Answer

cytokine, cross-phosphorylate

Question 35

The proteins that are phosphorylated are ________

Accepted Answer

tyrosine

Question 36

Phosphorylated sites act as places for these two things to bind

Accepted Answer

STAT1 and STAT2

Question 37

What happens after the STATs bind?

Accepted Answer

JAK phosphorylates them

Question 38

Phosphorylated JAKS _______ from the receptors, ______ via their SH2 domain, and enter the ____

Accepted Answer

dissociate, dimerize, nucleus

Question 39

In the nucleus, the JAK dimer binds to the _____ to initiate ______

Accepted Answer

DNA, gene transcription

Question 40

An example of a cytokine ligand is

Accepted Answer

Epo

Question	Answer
What are the two main types of enzyme coupled receptors?	RTK (receptor is kinase enzyme) and cytokines (receptor-protein)
Typical characteristics of RTKS: 1. They have a large ______ responsible for binding to _____	ectodomain, ligands
Typical characteristics of RTKS: 2. They have a ________ side with a ___________	cytoplasmic, tyrosine-kinase domain
Typical characteristics of RTKS: 3: undergo structural changes to activate the _________ domain	tyrosine-kinase
Typical characteristics of RTKS: 4: Outside of cell, can either have a ________-rich domain or a _____ like domain	cysteine, immunoglobulin
When a RTK is activated, what happens?	cross-phosphorylation occurs between kinase domains on two individual TRK domains
Where does the signal molecule bind on a TRK domain?	On the non-cytosolic side, to two different TRKS
What is the importance of phosphorylated domains?	They are where intracellular signaling proteins bind
How many sites are on a PDGF receptor	5 sites
Name three things that bind to PDGF	1. PI-3 kinase 2. GAP 3. Phospholipase C-gamma
Three ways a signal can be transduced: 1. binding to a _________ site 2. direct intreaction of ______ 3. binding to a ________ in the membrane	1. phosphorylated 2. protein domains 3. phospholipid
Signaling through Ras (1-6) are the upstream and 6-8 are downstream	1. Boss 2. Sev RTK 3. DrK 4. Ras-GEF 5. Ras 6. Raf 7. Mek 8. ErK
What are the downsteam components in Ras pathway called?	MAP kinase pathway
What are the two possible outcomes of the MAP kinase pathway?	protein changes or gene expression changes
What is the purpose of a scaffold protein?	Holds intracellular proteins in place as part of downstream signaling. Directly attacked to receptor
The first yeast signaling involving scaffolds involves _______ and the second involves ______ synthesis	mating response, glycerol
Mating response pathways involve:	Kinases A,B,C and GPCR
Glycerol synthesis pathways involve:	Kinases A,D and a scaffold domain with kinase domain, osmailarity-sensing receptor
While a mating factor will initiate the mating repsonse pathway, what initiates the glycerol synthesis pathway?	high osmolarity
phosphoinositides occur when ___________ phosphorylates a __________ molecule	activated receptor, phospholipid
What bind to phosphoinositides?	Activated intracellular proteins
What is the significance of phosphoinositides, and name one for example	They are a part of the signaling pathway, i.e. PIP3 (not PIP2, which is the GPCR pathway)
PIP2 leads to the activation of _____	PKC
PIP3 leads to the activation of _____	PKB(Akt)
When PIP3 is created, these two proteins can bind to them	PDK1 and Akt(PKB)
This kinase phosphorylates the Akt(PKB)	mTOR
An active Akt(PKB) plays a role in the phosphorylation of this	Bad
Bad, when active, is bound to this	an inactive apoptosis-inhibitory protein
When Bad is inactive, this means that the apoptosis inhibitory protein is	Active
What does the apoptosis inhibitor do?	it saves the cell/keeps it from dying etc.
What subunit is a major link between GPCR and RTK pathways?	Phospholipase C (either beta or gamma)
The cytokine receptors are bound to _____	kinases
The name of the cytokine-bound receptors are called ___	JAK
Two cytokine receptors bind to just one _______ and ________ each other	cytokine, cross-phosphorylate
The proteins that are phosphorylated are ________	tyrosine
Phosphorylated sites act as places for these two things to bind	STAT1 and STAT2
What happens after the STATs bind?	JAK phosphorylates them
Phosphorylated JAKS _______ from the receptors, ______ via their SH2 domain, and enter the ____	dissociate, dimerize, nucleus
In the nucleus, the JAK dimer binds to the _____ to initiate ______	DNA, gene transcription
An example of a cytokine ligand is	Epo

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Cell Signaling II