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CMCBiologyFINAL

12-11-11

QuestionAnswer
Name the three parts of the cell theory. 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. All cells come from preexisting cells. 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function.
What are the four macromolecules? Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid,
Carbohydrate Example Sugars, starches.
Lipids Example Fats.
Proteins Example Amino Acids.
Nucleic Acid Example RNA, DNA.
Light Microscope A microscope that uses light that passes through a specimen.
Electron Microscope A microscope that uses a beam of electrons, gives greater resolution.
Scanning Electron Microscope A microscope that looks at the surface of cells or structures.
Transmission Electron Microscope A microscope used to study the details of internal cell structure.
Prokaryote Characteristics Earliest form of life, single-celled, small, no nucleus, but DNA no internal organelles
Eukaryote Characteristics Single-celled or multi-celled, larger, have nucleus w/ DNA, have organelles
Plant Cell Characteristics Rarely has cilia, Rectangular shape, Chloroplasts, One large vacuole, Plastids, Cell wall, Lysosomes usually not evident.
Animal Cell Characteristics Cilia, Round shape, No chloroplasts, One or more small vacuoles, Centrioles always present, No plastids, No cell wall, Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm.
Cell Wall Provides structure for plant.
Cell Membrane Regulates movement in and out of cell.
Cilia (pili), Flagella Moves cell, help cell eat food.
Cytoskeleton Provides internal structure, gives cell shape.
Mitochondria Makes ATP for cell; powerhouse.
Chloroplasts Trap sunlight and convert it to energy through photosynthesis.
Nuclear Membrane Regulates movement in and out of nucleus.
Nucleus Protects DNA, organizes cell.
Nucleolus Produces ribosomes.
Chromatin Un-condensed DNA found in nucleus.
Ribosomes Produce proteins for the cell.
Golgi Complex Package proteins and lipids.
Smooth ER Stores, sorts, transports materials.
Rough ER Make more membrane, modify proteins.
Vacuole Store water, waste, excess materials.
Cytoplasm Allows organelles to float within membrane.
Lysosome Digests excess protein, lipids and carbohydrates, releases nutrients to cell.
Centriole (animal cell only) Involved in cell division.
What are the different parts of the plasma membrane? Lipid Bi-Layer, Protein Channels, Glycoprotein + Carbohydrates.
Purpose of Lipid Bi-Layer Creates a barrier between cell and surroundings.
Purpose of Protein Channels Proteins embedded in the lipid bi-layer that act as gates to the cell.
Purpose of glycoprotein + Carbohydrates Act as cell identification tags, allows cell to distinguish differences between each other.
Active Transport Movement of particles against the concentration gradient from low to high with use of ATP. (may use proteins to help transport)
Passive Transport Does not require energy.
Osmosis Diffusion of water from a high to a low concentration.
Diffusion When molecules move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration until they reach equilibrium.
Hypo-tonic When there is more water outside the cell than the inside and causes the cell to swell.
Isotonic Concentration of water and solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane and cell stays the same.
Hyper-tonic When there is less water outside the cell than the inside and causes the cell to shrink.
Facilitated Diffusion Movement of large particles from high to low concentration with the help of proteins.
Endocytosis Process of engulfing particles and bringing them into the cell.
Exocytosis Used to export things out of the cell.
Pinocytosis (Endocytosis) Transports liquids into the cell.
Phagocytosis (Endocytosis) Transports solids into the cell.
Excretion (Exocytosis) Getting rid of waste products.
Secretion (Exocytosis) Moving usable molecules out of the cell.
ATP Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. Energy molecule that is stored in your cells.
Anaerobic Respiration Cycles 1. Glycolysis 2. Alcoholic Fermentation 3. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration: ATP Made 2.
Anaerobic Respiration: Setting Cytoplasm.
Aerobic Respiration Cycles 1. Gylcolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain)
Aerobic Respiration: ATP Made 36.
Aerobic Respiration: Setting Mitochondria.
Glycolysis "Splitting of sugar." Breaks down glucose into pyruvate (enzyme) - 2 ATP.
Alcoholic Fermentation Converts pyruvate to alcohol by yeasts - 0 ATP.
Lactic Acid Fermentation Converts pyruvate to lactic acid - 0 ATP.
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) Breaks down pyruvate to carbon dioxide - 2 ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain) Basically, ATP is produced by taking free ADP and adding a phosphate (P) - 32 ATP.
Granna Thykaloids in organized stacks.
Stroma Internal substance (like cytoplasm).
Thykaloids Flat membranes.
Cellular Respiration Starts with glucose + oxygen. Ends with carbon dioxide, water, ATP.
Photosynthesis Starts with carbon dioxide, water, sunlight (ATP). Ends with sugar (glucose) + oxygen.
Phases of the Cell Cycle Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis.
Interphase Chromosomes are copied, appear as coils called chromatin. Cells grow, 90% of time is spent here.
Interphase: G1 Growth.
Interphase: S Chromosomes are duplicated.
Interphase: G2 Growth and preparation for division.
Prophase Centrioles begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibres form. Chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane disappears. Centromere holds sister chromosomes together.
Metaphase Chromosomes line up in middle of cell, attach to spindle fibres.
Anaphase Chromosomes separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell, centromeres split.
Telophase Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, chromosomes return to chromatin form. Reverse of prophase, spindle breaks down.
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides; two new cells are made.
Mitosis Characteristics Makes body cells. 1 division = 2 new cells. New cells are diploid. New cells are clones of parent cell. Each daughter cell contains all of the same chromosomes. Results in asexual reproduction.
Meiosis Characteristics Makes sex cells. 2 divisions = 4 new cells. New cells are haploid. New cells are genetically different from parent cell. Each gamete contains parts of both parents genes. Results in sexual reproduction.
Haploid A cell with one copy of chromosome - sperm + egg.
Diploid A cell with two copies of chromosomes - body cells.
Chromatid Single chromosome strand.
Sister Chromatid Pair of identical chromosomes created before cell divides.
Parent Cell Original cell that divides.
Daughter Cell Cell that comes from the parent.
Crossing Over Happens during Prophase 1. Chromosomes attach and exchange genetic info; gives genetic variation.
Gamete Sex cells: Sperm, egg.
Zygote Cell formed from two gametes.
Non-Disjunction Failure to separate.
Aneuploid When chromosomes don't separate, they are left with extra or missing chromosomes.
Monosomic Only one copy of chromosomes.
Trisomic Three copies of chromosomes.
Turner Syndrome Only happens to females. Only 1 X chromosome. 1 in 3,000. Short stature, broad chested, failure to mature sexually, webbed necks, low set ears.
Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome Extra 21st chromosome. 1 in 700 births. Mental retardation, flattened face, upward slanting eyes, poor muscle coordination.
Klinefelter's Syndrome Only in males. More than one X chromosome. 1 in 1,000. Tall, breast development, poor beard growth, sexually undeveloped.
What does DNA stand for? Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
Who discovered DNA? Rosalind Franklin, Watson + Crick.
What does DNA look like? A double helix.
What is a nucleotide made of? Deoxyribose (simple sugar), Phosphate group, nitrogen base.
Nitrogen Bases Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine.
Purines Double carbon ring; adenine + guanine.
Pyrimidines Single carbon ring; cytosine + thymine.
What bonds bind nitrogen bases together? Hydrogen bond.
What bonds bind amino acids together? Peptide bond.
DNA Characteristics 2 strands, sugar is deoxyribose, nitrogen bases are A,T,C,G.
DNA Replication Step 1 Separation of Strands- the enzyme Helicase separates the DNA at the replication fork.
DNA Replication Step 2 Base Pairing- free nucleotides pair up with the exposed strand.
DNA Replication Step 3 Bonding of Bases- sugars and phosphate parts bond together with the help of the enzyme DNA polymerase.
Transcription Steps 1. DNA unzips. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA and unzips it. 2. m RNA nucleotides attach to open strand. 3. m RNA strand leaves nucleus and travels to ribosomes for translation.
RNA Translation Step 1 In the cytoplasm, m RNA strand attaches to ribosomes.
RNA Translation Step 2 Ribosomes reads the m RNA based on the codons.
RNA Translation Step 3 t RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes. Ribosomes matches an anticodon on t RNA to complementary codon to m RNA. Amino acid is locked in place by ribosomes.
RNA Translation Step 4 Ribosomes moves to next codon and repeats procedure. Peptide bond attaches amino acids together.
RNA Translation Step 5 Ribosomes continues until it reaches the end of the mRNA strand.
RNA Characteristics 1 strand, sugar is ribose, nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C (uracil instead of thymine).
tRNA Transfer- moves Amino Acid to ribosomes.
mRNA Messenger- carries code from DNA.
rRNA Ribosomal- combines with proteins to make ribosome.
Point Mutation One nucleotide is changed in the sequence but it changes the whole sequence.
Frame-Shift Mutation Adding or deleting a nucleotide in the sequence.
Deletion Removing part of a chromosome.
Insertion Adding a part of a chromosome.
Inversion Part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards.
Trans-Location Part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome.
What is a mutagen? Any agent that can cause a change in DNA.
Examples of Mutagens X-rays, UV rays, Nuclear rays, asbestos, cyanide, benzene, high temperatures, pesticides.
What proofreads DNA and corrects mistakes? Enzymes.
Created by: UtauxIkuto
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