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CMCBiologyFINAL
12-11-11
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Name the three parts of the cell theory. | 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells. 2. All cells come from preexisting cells. 3. Cells are the basic units of structure and function. |
What are the four macromolecules? | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acid, |
Carbohydrate Example | Sugars, starches. |
Lipids Example | Fats. |
Proteins Example | Amino Acids. |
Nucleic Acid Example | RNA, DNA. |
Light Microscope | A microscope that uses light that passes through a specimen. |
Electron Microscope | A microscope that uses a beam of electrons, gives greater resolution. |
Scanning Electron Microscope | A microscope that looks at the surface of cells or structures. |
Transmission Electron Microscope | A microscope used to study the details of internal cell structure. |
Prokaryote Characteristics | Earliest form of life, single-celled, small, no nucleus, but DNA no internal organelles |
Eukaryote Characteristics | Single-celled or multi-celled, larger, have nucleus w/ DNA, have organelles |
Plant Cell Characteristics | Rarely has cilia, Rectangular shape, Chloroplasts, One large vacuole, Plastids, Cell wall, Lysosomes usually not evident. |
Animal Cell Characteristics | Cilia, Round shape, No chloroplasts, One or more small vacuoles, Centrioles always present, No plastids, No cell wall, Lysosomes occur in cytoplasm. |
Cell Wall | Provides structure for plant. |
Cell Membrane | Regulates movement in and out of cell. |
Cilia (pili), Flagella | Moves cell, help cell eat food. |
Cytoskeleton | Provides internal structure, gives cell shape. |
Mitochondria | Makes ATP for cell; powerhouse. |
Chloroplasts | Trap sunlight and convert it to energy through photosynthesis. |
Nuclear Membrane | Regulates movement in and out of nucleus. |
Nucleus | Protects DNA, organizes cell. |
Nucleolus | Produces ribosomes. |
Chromatin | Un-condensed DNA found in nucleus. |
Ribosomes | Produce proteins for the cell. |
Golgi Complex | Package proteins and lipids. |
Smooth ER | Stores, sorts, transports materials. |
Rough ER | Make more membrane, modify proteins. |
Vacuole | Store water, waste, excess materials. |
Cytoplasm | Allows organelles to float within membrane. |
Lysosome | Digests excess protein, lipids and carbohydrates, releases nutrients to cell. |
Centriole (animal cell only) | Involved in cell division. |
What are the different parts of the plasma membrane? | Lipid Bi-Layer, Protein Channels, Glycoprotein + Carbohydrates. |
Purpose of Lipid Bi-Layer | Creates a barrier between cell and surroundings. |
Purpose of Protein Channels | Proteins embedded in the lipid bi-layer that act as gates to the cell. |
Purpose of glycoprotein + Carbohydrates | Act as cell identification tags, allows cell to distinguish differences between each other. |
Active Transport | Movement of particles against the concentration gradient from low to high with use of ATP. (may use proteins to help transport) |
Passive Transport | Does not require energy. |
Osmosis | Diffusion of water from a high to a low concentration. |
Diffusion | When molecules move from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration until they reach equilibrium. |
Hypo-tonic | When there is more water outside the cell than the inside and causes the cell to swell. |
Isotonic | Concentration of water and solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane and cell stays the same. |
Hyper-tonic | When there is less water outside the cell than the inside and causes the cell to shrink. |
Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of large particles from high to low concentration with the help of proteins. |
Endocytosis | Process of engulfing particles and bringing them into the cell. |
Exocytosis | Used to export things out of the cell. |
Pinocytosis (Endocytosis) | Transports liquids into the cell. |
Phagocytosis (Endocytosis) | Transports solids into the cell. |
Excretion (Exocytosis) | Getting rid of waste products. |
Secretion (Exocytosis) | Moving usable molecules out of the cell. |
ATP | Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. Energy molecule that is stored in your cells. |
Anaerobic Respiration Cycles | 1. Glycolysis 2. Alcoholic Fermentation 3. Lactic Acid Fermentation |
Anaerobic Respiration: ATP Made | 2. |
Anaerobic Respiration: Setting | Cytoplasm. |
Aerobic Respiration Cycles | 1. Gylcolysis 2. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) 3. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain) |
Aerobic Respiration: ATP Made | 36. |
Aerobic Respiration: Setting | Mitochondria. |
Glycolysis | "Splitting of sugar." Breaks down glucose into pyruvate (enzyme) - 2 ATP. |
Alcoholic Fermentation | Converts pyruvate to alcohol by yeasts - 0 ATP. |
Lactic Acid Fermentation | Converts pyruvate to lactic acid - 0 ATP. |
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs) | Breaks down pyruvate to carbon dioxide - 2 ATP. |
Oxidative Phosphorylation (Electron Transport Chain) | Basically, ATP is produced by taking free ADP and adding a phosphate (P) - 32 ATP. |
Granna | Thykaloids in organized stacks. |
Stroma | Internal substance (like cytoplasm). |
Thykaloids | Flat membranes. |
Cellular Respiration | Starts with glucose + oxygen. Ends with carbon dioxide, water, ATP. |
Photosynthesis | Starts with carbon dioxide, water, sunlight (ATP). Ends with sugar (glucose) + oxygen. |
Phases of the Cell Cycle | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. |
Interphase | Chromosomes are copied, appear as coils called chromatin. Cells grow, 90% of time is spent here. |
Interphase: G1 | Growth. |
Interphase: S | Chromosomes are duplicated. |
Interphase: G2 | Growth and preparation for division. |
Prophase | Centrioles begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. Spindle fibres form. Chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane disappears. Centromere holds sister chromosomes together. |
Metaphase | Chromosomes line up in middle of cell, attach to spindle fibres. |
Anaphase | Chromosomes separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell, centromeres split. |
Telophase | Two new nuclear membranes begin to form, chromosomes return to chromatin form. Reverse of prophase, spindle breaks down. |
Cytokinesis | Cytoplasm divides; two new cells are made. |
Mitosis Characteristics | Makes body cells. 1 division = 2 new cells. New cells are diploid. New cells are clones of parent cell. Each daughter cell contains all of the same chromosomes. Results in asexual reproduction. |
Meiosis Characteristics | Makes sex cells. 2 divisions = 4 new cells. New cells are haploid. New cells are genetically different from parent cell. Each gamete contains parts of both parents genes. Results in sexual reproduction. |
Haploid | A cell with one copy of chromosome - sperm + egg. |
Diploid | A cell with two copies of chromosomes - body cells. |
Chromatid | Single chromosome strand. |
Sister Chromatid | Pair of identical chromosomes created before cell divides. |
Parent Cell | Original cell that divides. |
Daughter Cell | Cell that comes from the parent. |
Crossing Over | Happens during Prophase 1. Chromosomes attach and exchange genetic info; gives genetic variation. |
Gamete | Sex cells: Sperm, egg. |
Zygote | Cell formed from two gametes. |
Non-Disjunction | Failure to separate. |
Aneuploid | When chromosomes don't separate, they are left with extra or missing chromosomes. |
Monosomic | Only one copy of chromosomes. |
Trisomic | Three copies of chromosomes. |
Turner Syndrome | Only happens to females. Only 1 X chromosome. 1 in 3,000. Short stature, broad chested, failure to mature sexually, webbed necks, low set ears. |
Trisomy 21 - Down Syndrome | Extra 21st chromosome. 1 in 700 births. Mental retardation, flattened face, upward slanting eyes, poor muscle coordination. |
Klinefelter's Syndrome | Only in males. More than one X chromosome. 1 in 1,000. Tall, breast development, poor beard growth, sexually undeveloped. |
What does DNA stand for? | Deoxyribonucleic Acid. |
Who discovered DNA? | Rosalind Franklin, Watson + Crick. |
What does DNA look like? | A double helix. |
What is a nucleotide made of? | Deoxyribose (simple sugar), Phosphate group, nitrogen base. |
Nitrogen Bases | Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine. |
Purines | Double carbon ring; adenine + guanine. |
Pyrimidines | Single carbon ring; cytosine + thymine. |
What bonds bind nitrogen bases together? | Hydrogen bond. |
What bonds bind amino acids together? | Peptide bond. |
DNA Characteristics | 2 strands, sugar is deoxyribose, nitrogen bases are A,T,C,G. |
DNA Replication Step 1 | Separation of Strands- the enzyme Helicase separates the DNA at the replication fork. |
DNA Replication Step 2 | Base Pairing- free nucleotides pair up with the exposed strand. |
DNA Replication Step 3 | Bonding of Bases- sugars and phosphate parts bond together with the help of the enzyme DNA polymerase. |
Transcription Steps | 1. DNA unzips. RNA polymerase attaches to DNA and unzips it. 2. m RNA nucleotides attach to open strand. 3. m RNA strand leaves nucleus and travels to ribosomes for translation. |
RNA Translation Step 1 | In the cytoplasm, m RNA strand attaches to ribosomes. |
RNA Translation Step 2 | Ribosomes reads the m RNA based on the codons. |
RNA Translation Step 3 | t RNA brings amino acids to ribosomes. Ribosomes matches an anticodon on t RNA to complementary codon to m RNA. Amino acid is locked in place by ribosomes. |
RNA Translation Step 4 | Ribosomes moves to next codon and repeats procedure. Peptide bond attaches amino acids together. |
RNA Translation Step 5 | Ribosomes continues until it reaches the end of the mRNA strand. |
RNA Characteristics | 1 strand, sugar is ribose, nitrogen bases are A,U,G,C (uracil instead of thymine). |
tRNA | Transfer- moves Amino Acid to ribosomes. |
mRNA | Messenger- carries code from DNA. |
rRNA | Ribosomal- combines with proteins to make ribosome. |
Point Mutation | One nucleotide is changed in the sequence but it changes the whole sequence. |
Frame-Shift Mutation | Adding or deleting a nucleotide in the sequence. |
Deletion | Removing part of a chromosome. |
Insertion | Adding a part of a chromosome. |
Inversion | Part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards. |
Trans-Location | Part of the chromosome breaks off and attaches to a different chromosome. |
What is a mutagen? | Any agent that can cause a change in DNA. |
Examples of Mutagens | X-rays, UV rays, Nuclear rays, asbestos, cyanide, benzene, high temperatures, pesticides. |
What proofreads DNA and corrects mistakes? | Enzymes. |