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Knowledge/Existence
Final Exam study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Flew's Application of the Principle of Falsification | Religious believers allow nothing to count against their belief in God. Therefore, no situation could in principle falsify their beliefs. A belief which cannot be falsified in meaningless; therefore, believers' statements about God are 'meaningless' |
| Ewing's Teleological Argument | We are allowed to attribute design when we see complexity. The body of the simplest living creature is a more complex machine than the most complex ever devised by a human engineer. Therefore, there is a great designer. |
| Ewing's Pebbles on the Beach Analogy | Pebbles are arranged in such a way to make an elaborate machine. It's theoretically possible that they occupied their position by chance, but we should feel no hesitation in concluding that they were designed by an intelligent agent. |
| Anselm's Ontological Argument | God is a being greater than which no greater being can be conceived. |
| Anselm's two possible candidates for "God" | An infinite perfect being exists as an idea. Yet, what is greater than this God as an idea? One who exists in reality. Thus, the 2nd candidate is an infinitely perfect being greater than which none can be conceived, that does exist in reality: God. |
| Radhakrishnan's Religious Experience | The idea of God is an interpretation of experience. Religious experiences are informed by & experienced through cultural, historical, linguistic, and religious lenses. Refer to experiences which occur under the auspices of religious experiences. |
| According to Radhakrishnan, what do religious experiences offer? | The possibility of heightening ones religious consciousness and bringing one into ever close proximity to religious intuition |
| Hobbes on Human Nature | Humans are sophisticated machines whose functions can be explained mechanistically. Motivation for human action is determined by the natural inclination to relieve physical pressures. Humans are free and independent - acting in self interest |
| Hobbes view on how a society should exist. | The only way to escape a state of war is entering into contracts with each other - mutually beneficial agreements to surrender our individual interests in order to achieve the advantages of security that only a social existence can provide |
| Marx on Human Nature | Human nature has been distorted by capitalism - could be freed to achieve its true potential only through a socialist/communist classless society |
| Marx on 'species-being' | There is a greater need to fulfill our species-being. The species-being of humans is production. Estranged labor has alienated us from our own nature. It estranges man from his body, from nature outside him, spiritual essence, and human existence. |
| Skinner on Human Nature | Man is electrochemical machine incapable of making freewill decisions. He is environmentally determined. We cannot assume human behavior is based on motivations different than other animals. Mankind's survival is the only moral absolute we can be sure of |
| Lorenz on Human Nature |
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