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GRCC B121 #4 Brain
GRCC BI 121 brain
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Process sensory information | Function of brain |
| Brain function | memory, reasoning, coordinate muscles, coordinate visceral activity, personality |
| Coordinates visceral activity | The brain gets organs to work |
| The brain controls what? | the personality (such as morality, aggression, compassion) |
| coordinates muscles, and organs | The brain coordinates |
| Brain is divided | Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum |
| Cerebrum components | convultion, lobes, cerebral cortex, white matter |
| Convultions is also known as? | gyri or gyrus |
| Convultions | Increase surface area for gray matter. |
| How are lobes named? | after overlying bones |
| name the lobes | frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula |
| Cerebral cortex is also known as | gray matter of the brain |
| outermost layer of cerebrum that contain cell bodies. | cerebral cortex |
| white matter | Innermost layer of cerebrum that contains myelenated axons |
| what gives white matter it's appearance | myelineated axons...they are composed of lipids and give them the white appearance. |
| Motor function of the brain | Frontal lobe |
| Frontal lobe function | muscles and glands |
| Sensory function of the brain | Parietal, Occipital, Temporal |
| Parietal function | functions as a sensory and helps to detect skin temp, touch, pain |
| Occipital function | functions as a sensory and helps with vision |
| Temporal function | function as a hearing |
| Association areas of the brain | Not directly involved with sensory or motor functions. |
| Where are association areas found? | In all the lobes |
| Function of association | Helps interpret sensory info, memory, emotions, problem solving, speech & conceptualization of consequence. |
| General interpretative area | Plays primary role in complex thought. |
| Allows words to be recognized and understood | general interpretative area |
| Location of general interpretive area | Located at junction of parietal, temporal and occipital. |
| Congenital defect of the interpretive area | dyslexia |
| Dyslexia | A person sees letters separetly or in broken groups. |
| Cause of dyslexia | congenital dfect in perception combined with learning behavior errors. Not related to IQ |
| Lobotomy | Modification of the nerve tracts and from the frontal lobe |
| what was lobotomy used for? | to modify behavior |
| Hemisphere dominance | Both hemi's active in basic functions;however, one may dominate. |
| Left hemisphere dominance | 90% of people are this; |
| left brain dominant | dominant in speech, reading, writing, and complex analytical tasks. |
| Non- dominant hemispheres | control non-verbals |
| Function of non-dominant hemis | provides orientation fo body, understanding visual and auditory patterns |
| Non- dominant brain is usually which side? | Right hemisphere |
| Corpus callosum | both hemispheres communicate in this area of the brain. |
| Memory and learning | Knowlege, learning, memory, intelligence |
| What is knowledge? | It is possession of facts |
| what is learning? | acquistion of knowledge |
| What is memory? | Retention of the learned knowledge |
| What is intelligence? | The ability to learn, retain and process |
| is there a difference between being knowledgable vs intelligent? | Yes, everyone has different compacity and ability to learn, retain, and process knowledge. |
| Just because someone is knowledgable, doesn't mean they are more intelligent | Intelligence is all about the ability to learn, retain, and process. |
| Short term memory | short duration, mostly electrical in transmission. |
| Neurons connected in a circuit and continue to stimulate each other. | short term memory |
| Long term memory | long duration, forming more neural fissures. |
| structural in function as new synapses are formed allowing memory | Long term memory |
| Specialized junctions/structure that allows chemical or electrical to pass signals to other cells | synapses |
| What forms new neural bridges with other nuerons | Long term memory forms new neural bridges with other nuerons. |
| Basal nuclei | Ganglia |
| Masses of gray matter locatated deep within the hemispheres(in the middle) | Basal Nuclei (ganglia) |
| Basal Nuclei (ganglia) function | Relays mesages from cortex to brain stem and spinal cord |
| Basal Nuclei (function) produces what? | It produces the neurotransmitter dopamine. |
| Parkinsons disease | A decline in dopamine due to the death of basal nuclei cells. |
| What does parkinson disease cause? | tremors and eventually paralysis |
| What may be some causes of parkinson disease? | Causes believed to be chemical and traumatic damage to brain |
| Traumatic damage to brain such as boxing could lead to what? | Parkinson's disease (think mohamed ali) |
| Diencephalon | Surrounds the third ventricle |
| Regions of the diencephalon | thalamus, Hypothalamus, epithalamus |
| Thalamus function | Determines where signals end up. |
| recieves, filters and directs all afferent sensory impulses to correct region of the cortex | thalamus funtion |
| What routes info from hypothalamus to cortex and determines where signals end up? | Thalamus routes info to? |
| Hypothalamus function | It's job is to keep body in homeostasis |
| They hypothalamus regulates nine functions | Heart rate, temperature, blood pressure, H2O balance, hunger, digestion, sleep, hypophysis secretions, emotion |
| Hypothalamus components | mammillary, infundibulum, hypophysis (pituatary gland) |
| Mammillary gland | A hypothalamus component that relays olfactory (sense of smell) |
| Infundibulum | A hypothalamus component that suspends the pituitary gland |
| Hypophysis (AKA) | pituitary gland |
| Produces hormones (i.e. growth, sex drive, reproduction, physio) | Hypophysis (pituitary gland) |
| epithalamus components | pineal gland, choroid plexus |
| Pineal gland | Component of epithalamus that produces and secretes melatonin |
| melatonin | regulates circadium rhythm |
| What stimulates pineal gland? | UV/light. |
| Decrease in UV/light does what? | Without this, pineal gland is not stimulated to produce melatonin. |
| Decreased melatonin may lead to what? | lack of sleep and increase cancer risks. |
| choroid plexus | component of epithalamus that produces & secretes CSF |
| Brain stem regions | Midbrain, pons, medulla, reticular formation |
| Midbrain | component of brainstem connects brainstem with superior brain and relays messages |
| What is midbrain made of? | myelinated fibers (mostly axons) with gray matter |
| Midbrain components | cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles, corpora quadrigemina |
| Cerebral aqueduct | Midbrain component that connects third and fourth ventricle |
| Cerebral peduncles | midbrain component that has nerver tracts that are the main motor pathways between cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system. |
| These are Nerve tracts that are the main motor pathways between cerebrum and the rest of the nervous system | cerebral peduncles |
| Corpora quadrigemina | component of midbrain that relays centers for visual and hearing reflexes |
| What helps with turning head and rotating eyes | Corpora quadrigemina, a component of the midbrain. |
| Pons | Component of brain stem that contains fibers that relay impulses from medulla to cerebrum and from cerebrum to cerebellum |
| fibers relays impulses from medulla to cerebrum and from cerebrum to cerebellum | Pons, a component of the brainstem. |
| Medulla Oblongata | A component of brain stem;Fibers relay impulses from cord to cerebellum |
| A component of brain stem; This is where fibers relay impulses from spinal cord to cerebellum | Medulla Oblongata |
| Basal nuclei and it's relationship to medulla oblongata | regulates heart rate, blood pressure, respiration |
| Regulates heart rate | Basal nuclei in medulla oblongata |
| Blood pressure via control of vessel smooth muscles | Basal nuclei in the medulla oblonagata regulates the heart rate and what heart function measurement? |
| Regulates respiration | Basal nuclei in medulla oblongata and breathing |
| Hypothalamus and the basal nuclei in medulla oblongata regulates what? | heart rate and blood pressure |
| Reticular formation | Component of brainstem; network of fibers and gray matter throughout brainstem. |
| network of fibers and gray matter throughout brainstem activates what? | Activates cortex into state of wakefulness |
| Damage to the reticular formation results in what? | A coma or persistant vegetative state. |
| Coma | not awake or aware |
| Persistant vegetative state | occassionally awake but not aware |
| Intense cerebral activity that stimulates the reticular formation. | What causes insomnia? |
| Types of sleep | Slow wave & Rapid eye movement |
| Slow wave aka | Non -rem |
| Decreased activity to the reticular formation and cortex causes what? | Causes restful, dreamless sleep with decreased BP, heart rate and respirations. |
| Dreamless/ restful sleep with decreased BP & HR, resp | Non-REM - slow wave |
| Rapid eye movement = | REM |
| Regions of cortex are active, increase in BP, HR, and Resp/ this is where dreams happen | Rapids eye movement (REM) |
| What happens in REM | Long term memory is stored; it occurs when regions of cortex are active. |
| How do you know when someone is in dreaming??? | Increase HR, BP, & resp that last up to minutes. |
| Who dreams? | We all dream, regardless of age..the only difference is the younger you are the new things are, so they may have a better recall. |
| REM sleep important? | yes, this is when long term memory is stored. |
| What happens if REM is missed? | Missed REM can be made up; |
| what interferes with REM? | marijuana and alcohol. |
| Cerebellum regions | cerebellar cortex, white matter, peduncles |
| Peduncles | Cerebellum region where there are nerve tracts that communicaate with other parts of the CNS |
| What are nerve tracts that communicate with other parts of the CNS? | Peduncles, a region found in cerebellum |
| Functions of cerebellum | Balance, coordination of skeletal muscles and posture. |
Created by:
Wends1984
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