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Biology Chapter 6
Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Increasing demands on these resources come with a growing human population | air, water, land, living things |
| Human activity uses as much energy as... | ...all of Earth's other multicellular species combined. |
| What four human activities have transformed the biosphere? | Hunting/gathering, agriculture, industry, urban development |
| How did prehistoric hunter/gatherers change the environment? | Dammed rivers and burned grasslands to encourage growth of certain plants. |
| Substinence hunting | hunting that makes relatively few demands on the environment. |
| Agriculture | the practice of farming |
| Why was the spread of agriculture an important event in human history? | It provided people with the basic need of a dependable food supply. |
| What ecological changes came with the cultivation of both plants and animals? | Overgrazing by herbivores changed grassland ecosystems to scrub, eroded soils, and put large demands on water supplies. |
| What changes in agriculture occurred in the 1800s as a result of advancements in science and technology? | Irrigation, new crop varieties, and the invention of farm machines increased yields. |
| Green revolution | the global effort by governments and scientists to increase food production. it helped prevent food shortages and increased food production. |
| Monoculture | a farming method where large fields are cleaned, plowed, and planted with a single crop every year. |
| What occurred during the INdustrial Revolution of the 1800s? | Added machines and factories to civilization. |
| From what resources do we obtain most of the energy to produce and power the machines we use? | fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas |
| Suburban sprawl | the continued spread of suburban communities across the American landscape. It places stress on plant and animal populations by consuming farmland and natural habitats. |
| Tragedy of the Commons | Any resources used by everyone will be destroyed eventually b/c everyone can use them, but no one is responsible for preserving them. |
| Renewable resources | can regenerate, are replaceable. not necessarily unlimited. e.g. fresh water |
| Nonrenewable resources | cannot be replenished by natural processes e.g. fossil fuels |
| Sustainable use | A way of using natural resources at a rate that does not deplete them. |
| How do human activities affect renewable resources? | They affect the supply and quality, such as land, forests, ocean resources, air, and water. |
| What principles are sustainable practices based upon? | ecology & ergonomics. |
| Fertile Soil | a mixture of humus, sand, clay, and rock particles. |
| Topsoil | uppermost layer of soil where most humus is found. rich in nutrients, low in salts. |
| Soil erosion | The wearing away of surface soil by water and wind. |
| Plowing the land increases soil erosion by... | ...removing roots of plants that hold the soil in place. |
| Desertification | the conversion of a previously soil-rich, productive area into a desert. |
| What can cause desertification? | A combination of farming, overgrazing, and drought. |
| Forrests are "lungs of the earth" b/c... | ...they remove co2 and produce o2 |
| Old growth forests | have never been cut, like in Alaska & the Pacific Northwest |
| Deforestation | loss of forests. it leads to soil erosion, washes away nutrients in topsoil. |
| Earth's oceans are valuable for... | food resources. fish are the source of protein. most people still fish for most of their food. |
| Overfishing | the practice of harvesting fish faster than they can reproduce. |
| Overfished species | Peru's anchovy, halibut, cod, salmon, Atlantic herring, Alaskan king crab. |
| One aproach to sustainable use of fisheries | limit the catch of fish populations stressed by overfishing. |
| Aquaculture | the farming of aquatic organisms |
| Smog | a mixture of chemicals that occurs as a grey-brown haze. |
| Pollutant | a harmful material that can enter the biosphere. |
| The burning of fossil fuels affects air quality by | releasing pollutants that cause smog and other atmospheric problems. |
| Particulates | microsocopic particles of ash and dust in the air that can cause health problems. |
| Acid rain | rain with nitric and sulfuric acids |
| Why are protecting water supplies from pollution and managing demand for water major priorities? | Americans use billions of gallons of water daily, and the total supply of fresh water is limited. |
| Domestic sweage | the wastewater from sinks and toilets - it contains compounds that encourage the growth of algae and bacteria in aquatic habitats. It also contains microorganisms that can spread disease. |
| How can protecting forests ensure sustaiable use of water resources? | They hold soil in the ground and purify the water that seeps into the ground or runs off. |
| Why can conservation in agriculture save large amounts of water. | More than 75% of water is used in agriculture. |
| Biodiversity | sum total of the genetically based variety of all organisms in the biosphere |
| Ecosystem diversity | variety of habitats, communities, and ecological processes |
| Species diversity | number of different species in the biosphere |
| Genetic diversity | sum total genetic info carried by organisms |
| Biodiversity is one of Earth's greatest natural resources b/c... | ...it provides us with food, industrial products, medicine, and other things. |
| Four ways human activity reduces biodiversity | altering habitats, extinction of species, toxic compounds, introduction of foreign species |
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