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Earth Science Final
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Force | make things move. |
| What is matter made up of? | Atoms |
| Force/Motion | Force causes a change in motion |
| Potential energy/Faster | Potential energy turning into kinetic energy makes things move faster. |
| Potential energy/Warmer | Potential energy or kinetic energy turning into heat causes things to get warmer. |
| Hotter/atoms | Hotter causes faster motion of atoms. |
| Gravity/Sun | Gravity causes planet to orbit the Sun. |
| Sun/Planet | Getting closer to the Sun causes a planet to move faster. |
| Closer to Sun/ Terrestrial | Closer to the Sun causes Terrestrial planets. |
| Sun/Orbital Period | Closer to the Sun causes shorter orbital period. |
| Earth/Days | Spinning of Earth causes days. |
| Earth/Seasons | Tilt of Earth’s axis causes seasons. |
| Jovian planet- | large gassy planet far from the Sun |
| Blackbody/light | In blackbody radiation, hotter causes brighter and bluer light. |
| Atomic transitions/Light | In atomic transitions, different types of materials cause a different set of colors of light. |
| Star/Redshift | Motion of a star away from Earth causes a redshift. |
| Big Bang Model/Redshift | In the Big Bang model, an explosion causes expansion causes cooling and redshifts. |
| Blackbody radiation | a mixture of all colors of light emitted from a hot object |
| Atomic transitions | atoms release light when they transition from a high energy level to a lower energy level, giving off a few specific colors of light |
| Big Bang Model | an explosion in the past led to the formation of the current universe |
| Absolute magnitude- | how bright a star is |
| Apparent magnitude | how bright a star appears to be from Earth |
| Doppler effect | waves (light) from a moving source have shifted wavelengths |
| Redshift | shifting to longer wavelength from a star moving away |
| Cosmic microwave background | blackbody radiation filling space leftover from the Big Bang |
| Main | sequence star-a typical star that forms by the same process as most stars |
| Temperature/Convection | Difference of temperature within a fluid causes convection. |
| Convection/Plates | Mantle convection causes plates to move. |
| Boundary/Mid-ocean rift | A divergent boundary causes a mid-ocean ridge and a rift. |
| Boundaries /New crust | Divergent boundaries cause creation of new crust at the boundary. |
| Boundary/Trench and volcanic arc | A convergent boundary causes a trench and a volcanic arc. |
| Boundary/Crust | Convergent boundaries cause destruction of old crust. |
| Convection | circulatory flow of a fluid caused by a difference in temperature |
| Mid-ocean ridge | long double ridge on either side of a divergent plate boundary |
| Rift | deep valley in the middle of a mid-ocean ridge |
| Continental volcanic arc | a line of volcanoes near a convergent plate boundary on the continental side |
| Island arc | a line of volcanic islands near a convergent plate boundary |
| Trench | a very deep valley in the ocean at a convergent plate boundary |
| Motion/earthquake | Motion at plate boundaries causes earthquakes. |
| Deformation of a plate/Storage of potential energy | Elastic deformation of a plate causes storage of potential energy. |
| Elastic/Earthquakes | Release of stored elastic potential energy causes earthquake. |
| Epicenter/P&S waves | Further distance from epicenter causes larger difference in time between arrival of P and S waves. |
| Stiffer/Wave | Stiffer material causes faster wave speed. |
| Wave/Reflection and Refraction | Change in wave speed causes reflection and refraction. |
| Elastic deformation | change in shape (bending or stretching) of a material in which the material returns to its original shape when released |
| Plastic flow | change in shape of a material in which the material does not return to its original shape when released |
| P waves | longitudinal earthquake waves that travel at high speed through Earth’s interior |
| S waves | transverse earthquake waves that travel slower through Earth’s interior |
| Seismograph | a device used to measure motion during an earthquake |
| Reflection | a wave bounces off of a material |
| Refraction | a wave bends as it goes into a material with a different wave speed |
| Hot rocks/Melting | At convergent boundaries, mixing of hot rocks with water causes melting. |
| Pressure/Melting | At divergent boundaries and hot spots, decrease in pressure on hot rocks causes melting. |
| Convergent Boundary/ Melting | Above convergent boundaries, heating of rocks by nearby magma causes melting. |
| Boundaries/Magma with Volatiles | Convergent boundaries cause magma with volatiles. |
| Volatiles/Explosive eruptions | Volatiles cause explosive eruptions. |
| Boundaries/Stratovolcanoes | Convergent boundaries cause stratovolcanoes. |
| Boundaries/Shield volcanoes | Divergent boundaries and hot spots cause shield volcanoes. |
| Hotter/Viscosity | Hotter causes lower viscosity. |
| Lighter Rock/Viscosity | Higher silica content (lighter rocks) causes higher viscosity |
| Hot spot | a location where volcanoes occur that is not at a plate boundary |
| Volatiles | gases (mostly water vapor) dissolved in magma |
| Basaltic magma | magma made of dark minerals that is hot and low viscosity |
| Andesitic magma | magma made of light minerals that is medium viscosity and usually contains volatiles |
| Rhyolitic magma | relatively cool, high viscosity magma made of light minerals |
| Shield volcano | a large, shield shaped (broad base, not steep) volcano that erupts basaltic magma |
| Cinder cone | a small steep volcanic structure made of loose grains of igneous rocks (cinders) that forms due to eruptions of rhyolitic magma |
| Stratovolcano | a tall steep volcano made of a mixture of solid igneous rocks and cinders that forms due to eruptions of andesitic magma |
| Island arc | a line of islands at a convergent boundary made up of composite cones |
| Continental volcanic arc | a line of composite cones along a continent edge at a convergent boundary |
| determines mineral properties.. | Crystalline structure and chemical composition |
| The rule of 8 | atoms bond in order to make it so that their outer shell of electrons is full with 8 electrons (2 electrons if the outer shell is the 1st shell) |
| Mineral/Cleavage | The shape of a mineral’s crystal lattice causes its cleavage. |
| Bonds/Hardness | The strength of a mineral’s chemical bonds causes its hardness. |
| Mineral/Chemical Activity | A mineral’s composition causes its chemical activity. |
| Crystallization/Igneous Rock | Crystallization of magma causes igneous rocks. |
| Cooling/Coarse grains | Cooling underground causes slow cooling causes coarse grains. |
| Cooling/fine Grain | Cooling on the surface causes fast cooling causes fine grains |
| Solidification/Vesicles | Solidification while bubbles are present causes vesicles. |
| Dark minerals/dark igneous rocks | Crystallization of dark minerals at higher temperature than light minerals causes dark igneous rocks deep underground and light igneous rocks on the surface. (Bowen’s reaction series) |
| weathering/clastic sediment | Breaking a rock (mechanical weathering) causes clastic sediment. |
| Freezing/Wedging | Expansion of water when it freezes causes frost wedging. |
| Rock/Chemical Weathering/ Chemical sediment | Chemical reactions with a rock (i.e. dissolving) cause chemical weathering cause chemical sediment. |
| Compaction/Sedimentary Rocks | Compaction (often with a small amount of cement) causes clastic sedimentary rocks. |
| Depostion/Sedimantary rock | Deposition of chemical sediment causes chemical sedimentary rocks |
| Recrystallization/Mineral | Recrystallization causes change in mineral grain size, shape, or composition (metamorphic rocks). |
| Igneous rock | a rock that forms when magma crystallizes |
| Mechanical weathering | breaking a rock into smaller pieces |
| Frost wedging | breaking a rock when water in cracks freezes and expands |
| Chemical weathering | breaking down a rock by a chemical reaction, such as dissolving |
| Clastic sediment | broken pieces of rock |
| Clastic sedimentary rock | a rock made mostly of clastic sediment |
| Chemical sediment | dissolved minerals |
| Chemical sedimentary rock | a rock made mostly of deposited chemical sediment |
| Biochemical sedimentary rock | a rock made mostly of organic material |
| Metamorphic rock | a rock that has its mineral structure or composition changed from a previous igneous or sedimentary rock by the application of heat and/or pressure |
| Foliated texture | minerals grains in a metamorphic rock are elongated and aligned |
| Half-life/Parent Isotopes | An elapsed time of 1 half-life causes the amount of parent isotope to decrease by half. (see following table) |
| Principle of superposition | younger sedimentary rocks form on top of older sedimentary rocks |
| Principle of cross | cutting-any feature (rock or fault) that cuts through another layer of rocks is younger than the layer that it cuts |
| Inclusions | broken pieces of rock that are surrounded by a layer of other rocks |
| Principle of inclusions | inclusions are older than the rocks that surround them |
| Principle of original horizontality | sedimentary rocks that are tilted are older than sedimentary rocks that are horizontal |
| Unconformities | an eroded surface that separates two rock layers |
| Principle of unconformities | rocks below an unconformity are older than rocks above the unconformity |
| Half-life | amount of time for half of the parent isotope to decay |
| Gravity/Flow | Gravity causes water to flow downhill. |
| Rivers/Eroding and depositing | Rivers shape the landforms around them by eroding and depositing. |
| Steeper/Flow | Steeper causes faster flow. |
| Viscosity/Flow | Lower viscosity causes faster flow. |
| Deeper/Flow | Deeper water causes faster flow on the river’s surface. |
| Flow/Erosion | Faster flow causes more erosion. |
| Flow/Deposition | A fast flow that slows down causes deposition. |
| Water cycle | water continually evaporates, condenses, precipitates, and runoff |
| Evaporation | turning liquid into gas |
| Condensation | turning gas into liquid |
| Precipitation | water falling as rain or snow |
| Runoff | water on Earth’s surface flowing in streams or rivers |
| Viscosity | resistance of water to flow, fluid friction |
| Turbulence | chaotic, mixing flow of water |
| Head of river | where the river first starts |
| Mouth of river | where the river empties into a larger body of water (larger river, lake, ocean) |
| Gradient | steepness of land |
| Dissolved load | minerals dissolved in a river |
| Suspended load | sand grains or mud lifted and carried by a river |
| Bed load | sediment that slides along the river bed |
| Downcutting | erosion by a river that forms a canyon |
| Lateral erosion | a meandering river widening its valley by eroding the valley walls |
| Meander | a back and forth flowing river |
| Cut bank | a steep eroded bank on the outside of a meander |
| Point bar | a sandy bank on the inside of a meander |
| Oxbow lake | lake formed by an abandoned meander |
| Delta | land formed from sediment deposited at the mouth of a river |
| Light/Heating | Absorption of light causes heating. |
| Lighter color/Albedo | Lighter color causes higher albedo (less absorption). |
| Hotter/Wavelength | In blackbody radiation, hotter causes shorter wavelength. |
| Atom/Absorption | In atomic transitions, different type of atom causes absorption of different wavelengths of light. |
| Altitude/Pressure | Higher altitude causes lower pressure. |
| Altitude/Colder | In the troposphere, higher altitude causes colder. |
| Lights/Blue Skies and red sunsets | An increase in greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere causes global warming. Scattering of blue light by the atmosphere causes blue skies and red sunsets. |
| Albedo | reflectivity of a material |
| Troposphere | lowest layer of the atmosphere |
| Global warming | an enhancement of the greenhouse effect because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere |
| Greenhouse effect | extra warming of Earth because of the atmosphere |
| Air/Cooling | Rising air causes expansion causes cooling. |
| Cooling/RH | Cooling causes higher relative humidity. |
| RH/Condensation | Relative humidity ≥ 100% causes condensation. |
| Rising Air/RH/Condensation | Rising air causes cooling causes increased relative humidity causes condensation. |
| Hotter/Vapor | Hotter causes higher saturated amount of water vapor. |
| Dew Point/Condensation | Cooling to a temperature below the dew point causes condensation. |
| Water Vapor/Humidity | Adding water vapor causes higher humidity. |
| Condensation/Latent heat/Warming | Condensation causes release of latent heat causes warming of the surroundings. |
| Evaporation | liquid turning into gas |
| Condensation | gas turning into liquid |
| Relative Humidity | the ratio of the current amount of water vapor to the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold |
| Saturated amount of vapor | the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can hold at a given temperature |
| Dew point | the temperature at which condensation starts, i.e. the temperature at which relative humidity=100% |
| Latent heat | energy that is absorbed (evaporation, melting) or released (condensation, freezing) during a phase change |
| Environmental lapse rate | the rate at which temperature decreases with altitude for stationary air |
| Dry adiabatic lapse rate | the rate at which temperature decreases with altitude for rising air |
| Wet adiabatic lapse rate | the rate at which temperature decreases with altitude for rising and condensing air |
| Pressure/Wind | Difference in pressure causes wind to blow from high pressure to low pressure. |
| Hotter/Pressure | In a sealed container, hotter causes higher pressure. |
| Expansion/Pressure | Expansion causes lower pressure. |
| Gas/Pressure | More gas causes higher pressure. |
| Hotter/Rising Air/Pressure | If not in a sealed container, hotter causes rising air causes low pressure. |
| Coriolis/Wind | Coriolis effect causes wind to deflect to the right in the Northern Hemisphere. |
| Ocean/Heat/Temperature | Location near the ocean causes higher heat capacity causes more stable temperature. |
| Pressure | air pushes outward in all direction on its surroundings |
| Pressure gradient | two different locations have different pressures Wind-moving air |
| Heat capacity | amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a material |
| Convection | circular flow of a fluid due to a difference in temperature |
| Coriolis effect | free moving objects on the rotating Earth appear to deflect instead of move in a straight path |
| Cyclone | a region with rising air and low pressure |
| Anticyclone | a region with sinking air and high pressure |
| Hot/Rising/Pressure/Wind | Hot air causes rising causes low pressure causes wind. (global convection) |
| Hot/Rising/Cooling/Condensation and Precipitation | Hot air causes rising causes cooling causes condensation and precipitation. |
| Sinking air/heating/precipitation. | Sinking air causes heating does not cause precipitation. |
| Convection | circular flow due to a difference in temperature |
| Prevailing winds | the dominant direction of wind in a region |
| Trade winds | prevaling winds that blow East to West between the Tropics and the equator |
| Westerlies | prevailing winds that blow West to East between the Tropics and the Arctic Circle |
| Polar easterlies | prevailing winds that blow West to West between the Arctic Circle and the North Pole |
| Rainshadow desert | a dry region behind mountains formed with wind blows over the mountains |
Created by:
jpena08
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