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Test Two Study Guide
Biology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List the reasons why we do not consider viruses to be living | don't metabolize energy, acellular (not an actual cell), can't reproduce on their own |
| What do viruses have (that we often associate with living organisms) that allow viruses to replicate? | dna |
| List some of the major diseases that we discussed that are caused by viruses | sars, bird flu, influenza, common cold, hiv, herpes |
| endemic | low level persistence: common cold |
| epidemic | spreads rapidly in a part of a population: the flu |
| pandemic | worldwide epidemic (sars, hiv) |
| The viral pathway that is quick, virulent, and ends in the destruction of the cell is | lyctic pathway |
| the viral replication pathway in which a virus combines its DNA with host cell DNA and slowly replicates along with the host cell is the | Lysogenic pathway |
| The main purpose of a flower is to | Facilitate pollination |
| Instead of antibiotics, what do we use in the fight against viral infections? | our own bodies immune systems- vaccine |
| this domain was discovered and established in the mid 1970's and is believed to have given rise to the Eukaryotes: | Arachaea |
| The big, leafy, green part of a fern plant (front) is which generation of the fern's life cycle? | The sprophyte generations |
| List 3 major groups of Archaeans & define the distinguishing characteristic of each | 1. thermophiles- heat loving 2. Halophiles- salt loving 3. Methanogens- produce methane inside of the guts of large animals |
| In the time Magazine article on Methanogens, what did it say was causing more greenhouse gasses to be released in India than all of the cars in the country combined? | Flatulence produced by methanogens in the guts of cows |
| What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria? | Coccus, Bacillus, Spirochetes |
| In Bacteria, DNA is held within a nucleus. True/False | False |
| The 2 structures that bacteria can use to move through liquid are | Flagella & Cillia |
| Bacteria reproduce asexually, so how do they mix genetic material? | Horizontal gene transfer (conjugation) via Pili |
| How does Binary Fission work, basically? | Ciruclar DNA duplicates and each copy attaches to the cell membrane. Then the cell membrane starts to develop between the DNA strands. Eventually the cells split into 2 identical copies |
| What is the difference between an Autotroph and Heterotroph? | Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs ingest other organisms to get energy |
| List some of the common diseases caused by bacterial infections | strep, staph, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, e.coli, lymes disease, chlamydia, pneumonia, bubonic plague, tetnus, botulism |
| What does it mean to say that protists are a "catch all" taxonomic group? | essentially, anything that was unicellular and not a bacteria or arcaea just got lumped in as a protist |
| List the characteristics that are common to all protists | Unicelluar, Eukaryotic |
| List the major characteristics and the notable members of each of the following lineages of protists | A. Flagellated Protozoans B. Mineral shelled protozoans C. Alveolates D. Stramenopiles E. Red and Green Algae F. Amoebozoans |
| Flagellated Protozoans | aquatic, use flagella to swim around. Heterotrophs. Causes African sleeping sickness and giardia. |
| Mineral-shelled Protozoans | Heterotrophs. Have hard protective coating. Are extremely abundant in oceans. Created many of the sea cliffs in southern England. |
| Alveolates | Aquatic. Both free-living and parasitic. Made of Dianoflagellates, Cilliates, Apicomplexans. Some Dianoflagelates are bioluminescent. The parasite that causes malaria is an Apicomplexan. |
| Stramenopiles | Water molds, diatoms, and brown algae. Can be either Autotroph or heterotrophs. Water molds caused the Irish potato famine and brown algae is the giant kelp- the largest protist on the planet. |
| Red and Green Algae | This is the group of protists that gave rise to land plants- have alternation of generation just like land plants. Red algae are used to make gels and cosmetics. Green algae are used in sushi |
| Amoebozoans | made up of amoebas and slime molds. Amoebas are constantly changing their body shape. Slime molds are single celled organisms that live in colonies- used to map out raod systems, Amoebozoans likely led to animal evolutionarily |
| If your stomach is getting "bubbly" a few hours after drinking untreated water, you've probably contracted this type of protist: | Flagellated protozoa- Giardia |
| Which type of protist have scientists used to map out railway and roadway systems? | Slime Molds |
| Protist are all unicellular, so how do some types of protists (such as slime molds) look so big? | They are colonial- many unicellular organisms living together as a colony |
| Roughly how many people are infected with Malaria every year? How many die? | 225 million infected, 780,000die |
| How many species in the genus Plasmodium cause malaria in humans? | 5 |
| Why do antibiotics not work against viruses? | Antibiotics attack bacteria's metabolism- viruses do not metabolize |
| How does malaria escape attack by the human immune system? | by hiding inside of the (blood) cells of the host |
| What genus of mosquitos can transmit malaria? | Anopholes |
| How do most Diatoms get their energy? | Photosynthesis |
| Given the required incubation time of the malaria protist in mosquitos, and the typical life span of an adult mosquito in the wild, explain why it's so impressive that Malaria ever gets transmitted | The malaria protist takes 10-21 days to mature, but the typical adult mosquito only lives about 1-02 weeks, so most mosquitos die before the protist inside of them can incubate long enough. |
| Both male and female mosquitos only eat blood. True/False | False |
| Why are young children and women most susceptible to dying of Malaria? | A person can build up tolerance to malaria. Both of these groups have weaked immune systems |
| Dr Taylor studies combating malaria by | disrupting the olfactory system of the mosquito vectors |
| are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic? | heterotrophic |
| Fungi are often characterized by the fact that their cell walls contain | chitin |
| List the 3 ways that different types of fungi obtain nutrients: | saprobes, parasites, mutualistic symbionts |
| The main body of a fungus is the mycelium undergound. | Each individual strand of mycelium is called a Hyphae and is Haploid (halploid/diploid) |
| Above ground mushrooms are organs of the fungus that are involved in what process? | Reproduction/spore dispersal |
| Whats the difference between haploid, diploid, and dikaryotic? | Haploid have half the # of chromosomes, diploid have a full set of chromosomes, dikaryotic cells have a full set of chromosomes but split between two nuclei |
| If you are infected w/ 15 bacterial cells, which can asexually reprouce via binary fission once every 20 minutes, how many bacterial cells will you be infected with after 2 hours and 40 minutes? | 3840 |
| Mitosis takes 1 diploid cell and makes how many cells? Are they haploid or diploid? | Makes 2 diploid cells |
| How about Meiosis? | Makes 4 haploid cells |
| The 2 major characteristics of the oldest group of fungi, the chytrids, that we talked about are: | They have flagellated spores and are causing worldwide amphibian declines |
| Which fungal group is responsible for the mold ranking up the bottom of your fruit bowl? | Zygomycetes |
| There are many types of ectomycorrhizae, but the main group of fungi that make up the endomycorrhizae (fungus inside the roots) is | the Glomoeromycetes |
| The most diverse group of fungi also has some of the strangest members. List some of the more interesting members of the ascomycetes (sac fungi) | codyceps, yeast, truffles, penicillin |
| The basidiomycetes are the fungal group that makes the stereotypical | Mushroom |
| We talked about 2 groups of fungal associations. | Mychorrhizae are fungus associating with plant roots. Lichen are fungus associated with algae. |
| List some of the ways that fungi have influenced humans, either contemporary or historical | Hallucinogenic mushrooms, ergot may have cause Salem witch trials, Penicillin, Yeast for beer, Parasitic Fungi, lots of mushrooms are important food sources. |
| List some ways that fungi influence global ecological processes? | Hugely important as decomposers. They are also critical to the growth and survival of the vast majority of plant species. |
| the cell wall of a bacterial wall is further protected by | outer protein coating |
| We talked about 4 major groups of plants | 1. Bryophytes(seedless, non vascular) 2. gymnosperms 3. Pteridophytes (seedless vascular 4. Angiosperms |
| Most land plants have 3 major developments that help with their # 1 challenge (water conservation), what are these developments? | Cuticle, vascular tissue, stomata |
| Vascular tissue gives vascular plants an advantage in | the competition for sunlight |
| Bryophytes | are restricted to living close to the ground because they lack vascular tissue. They also require water for fertilization. This restricts where they can live and how they reproduce |
| Pteridophytes | still need water for fertilization. But, they've developed vascular tissue which allows the plants to grow taller which helps in spore dispersal and the competition for sunlight |
| gymnosperms | have both vascular tissue but they no longer need water for fertilization. Pollen and seeds aid in reproduction in dry places. |
| Angiosperms | have all the developments of gymnosperms but have also developed flowers, which make pollination extremely efficient, and fruit which makes seed dispersal much more efficient |
| In the Bryophtes, which generation of the life cycle is the dominant, green part of the plant? | The gametophyte generation |
| A type of virus that specifically attracts bacterial cells is called a | bacteriophage |
| What type of moss did we mention is extremely important to carbon cycling in bogs of the temperate zone? | Sphagnum (peat) moss |
| The seeds of the Gingko tree smell like doog poop | but only the female gender |
| Which group of plants is responsible for the vast amount of coal that we currently use for fuel? | pteridophytes |
| Are sporophytes haploid or diploid? What about gametophytes? | Sporophytes are diploid, gametophytes are halploid |
| Meiosis is the process that | begins with the gametophyte generation |
| Fertilization begins with | sporophyte generation |
| What percent of all existing plant species are flowering plants | 90% |
| In both gymnosperms and angiosperms, what structure delivers sperm directly to the eff? | Pollen Tube |
| Which member of the gymnosperms is believed to have led to the development of flowering plants? | gnetum |
| Sars- | vaccine |
| Atheletes foot | Funicide |
| h1n1 | vaccine |
| gonorrhea | antibiotic |
| ringworm | fungicide |
| tetanus | antibiotic |
| flu | vaccine |
| black plague | antibiotic |
| Explain the difference between the processes of pollination, fertilization, and seed dispersal: | Pollination is the movement of pollen from male flower to female flower. Fertilization is the delivery of sperm from the pollen grain to the egg. Seed dispersal is the movement of the seed (fertilized egg) away from the flowering plant |
| Angiosperms are | masters of undergoing coevolution with animal pollinators and seed dispersers |
| like gymnosperms, angiosperms | have direct delivery of sperm to egg. However, in angiosperms along with the fertilized egg, a endospeerm devlops to feed nutrition to the germination seed |
| If 30 diploid cells undergo the process of meiosis, how many haploid cells will result? | 120 |
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