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A&P exam
last chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of the nervous system | prod. and transmission of electrical signals (nervous impulse). integration |
| neurons (nerve cell) | prod. and trasnmit & interpret nervous impulses |
| neuroglia | supportive cells around neuron f: nourish, insulate & structural support neurons |
| synapses | gaps between adjoining neurons |
| neurotransmitters | chemicals that carry electric charge across synapse |
| central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous systerm (PNS) | cranial and spinal nerves |
| sensory nerves | receive stimuli from environ. via sensory receptors in PNS ex. temp, sound stimuli converted to nervous impulse & trans. to CNS for processing |
| integration | CNS processes all sensory signals & creates sensations, memory, thoughts or action |
| motor (muscle) nerves | CNS sends impulse to stimulate movement in effectors outside the nervous system. ex. muscles, glands |
| effector | gland or muscle that causes the response, stimulated by the nervous system. ex. touching something hot, the muscle that draws your hand away would be the effector |
| processes | extensions of membrane ex. dendrites and axons |
| nerves are bundles of ______ | axons. |
| schwann cells are found in which nervous system | PNS |
| what disease is when a virus hardens areas of myelin reducing or stopping nervous impulses. & if muscle neurons infected, muscles atrophy. & if in brain neurons, vision or other senses decrrease. prognosis is total paralysis | multiple sclerosis (MS) |
| sensory (afferent) | carry impulse from PNS to CNS. mostly unipolar, some bipolar. (toward CNS) |
| motor (efferent) | carry impulse from CNS to effectors in PNS. multipolar |
| interneurons (association) | links between other neurons. multipolar in CNS |
| function of astrocytes | tissue structure, ion reg., glucose metabolism, growth factor, direct nutrients to neurons, reinforce blood-brain barrier |
| what is the blood-brain barrier | brain capillaries have overlapping tight membrane junctions w/o clefts, no diffusion (free movement) into brain tissue. |
| function of oligodendrites | form myelin in CNS that can reach between adjacent neurons, secrete nerve growth factor for limited repairs to neurons |
| function of microglial | phagocytize bacteria and debris |
| function of ependyma | diffusion layer between CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) & other nervouse tissue. line cavities of CNS ex. spinal cord central canal & brain ventricles |
| most brain tumors composed of ________ | neuroglia |
| regeneration Of PNS axons | damage to cell body kills cells. damage to axon is repairable. |
| steps to regenerate PNS axons | 1. axon is severed 2. distal portion decomposes 3. schwann cells form tube, lay down myelin 4. axon grows down new myelin cell tube 5. former connection established |
| membrane potential | the amt of charge diff between the two sides of the membrane |
| if a large PNS axon is cut, it must be reconnected ASAP before distal end decomposes. if not, a tangled & very painful mass of axons may develop called __________. which are a big problem w/ amputations. | neuroma |
| stimuli excite the membrane and opens gated ion channel resulting in.. | ions moving and potential change sodium moves in |
| as stimulus, depolarization and threshold are reached, it results in what? | action potential (nerve impulse) in axon. |
| in action potentials impulse conduction is an _________________________ once threshold is reached. | all-or-none response |
| resting potential | neuron has neg interior (potassium, more permeable) and a pos exterior (sodium) |
| hyperpolarized | increase difference in charge. ex. potassium diffuse out of cell |
| depolarized | decrease difference in charge. ex. sodium move into cell |
| how is an impulse conducted over UNMYELINATED AXONS? | impulse carried along membrane |
| how is an impulse conducted over MYELINATED AXONS? | action potentials generated at nodes via cytoplasm conduction. called saltatory conduction |
| synapses | neurons are connected functionally not physically. synaptic clefts separate adjoing neurons. occur between axons & dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons. |
| synaptic trasnmission process | step 1. presynaptic neuron bring impulse to synapse step 2. synaptic knobs release neurotransmitters (NT) from their vessicles via exocytosis step 3. postsynaptic neuron receptors receives NT which opesn ion channels to sodium causing depolarization |
| convergence | mult. neurons deliver impulse to a common neuron ex. PNS to CNS neuron, afferent sensory impulses |
| divergence | single neuron delivers impulse to mult. neurons ex. CNS to PNS, efferent motor impulses |
| action of NT controlled by enzymes, reuptake, and neuromodulators | e- break down NT ex. acetyle cholinesterase r (recycle)- NT taken back into synaptic knob n- alter release of NT or block its action ex. endorphin |
| opiate addicts have withdrawal pains because body has stopped prod own endorphins in presence of opiates | no defense against pain during withddrawal |
| alzheimer's disease | low acetylcholine causes memory loss, dementia and death |
| clinical depression | low norepinephrine and or serotonin causes debilitating sadness ex. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) |
| parkinson's disease | low dopamine causes tremors and muscle rigidty |
| insomnia | low dopamine and or serotonin causes lack of sleep |
| epilepsy | high GABA, dopamine and norepinephrine causes seizures |
| schizophrenia | low GABA leads to high dopamine |
| antagonist | binds to receptor and blocks NT action |
| agonist | activates a receptor ex. nicotine and dopamine |
| meninges | 1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
| CNS divisions | 1. spinal cord 2. brain cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, brain stem |
| dura mater (most outer layer) | vascular CT with nerves and forms internal periosteum of the skull bones and covers spinal cord as it passes through vert. |
| trauma to head may cause blood to collect in space below the dura mater called... | subdural hematoma |
| arachnoid mater | avascular membran that reabsorbs CSF |
| blood flows in a space between the dura and arachnoid mater called.. | dural sinus |
| pia mater | vascular w/ nerves. nourishes CNS cells via CSF secretion |
| what is a viral or bact. inflammation of the meninges (usually arachnoid and pia mater). affects vision, hearing, IQ & can cause death? | meningitis |
| how does CSF compare to plasma? | similar in composition from which it is derived but with sodium, low potassium & glucose |
| what are ventricles | interconnected cavities cont. w/ spinal cord central canal. contain capillary bundles (choroid plexuses) that secrete CSF |
| what results when CSF prod. is greater than reabsorption due to infection, clot, tumor. pressure measured via a lumbar puncture. | hydrocephalus (fluid/water on the brain) |
| what are the names of the ventricles? | 1st & 2nd- lateral that extend into frontal, temporal & occipital lobes. 3rd 4th- inferior ventricle anterior to cerebellum |
| cervical enlargement | origin of arm nerves |
| lumbar enlargement | origin of leg nerves |
| coneus medularis | end of spinal cord at L1 |
| filum terminale | pia mater that attaches cord to superior coccyx |
| cauda equina | nerves radiating from inferior lumbar enlargement |
| central canal | cont. w/ brain ventricles |
| gray matter | interneurons & motor neuron cell bodies |
| white matter | made of axons |
| function of spinal cord | spinal reflux (arc) transmission, conduit for impulses to (afferent) & from (efferent) brain |
| reflex arcs | pathways for impulses (reflexes) that do not go thru brain ex. heart rate, blood pressure, sneezing, knee jerk |
| components of reflex arcs | receptor, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors |
| receptor | receives stimulus. ex. meissner's |
| sensory neurons | PNS neuron that delivers stimulus to interneuron in CNS |
| interneurons (association) | CNS neurons that relay stimuli. not always present ex. knee jerk |
| motor neurons | pass stimulus to effectors |
| effectors | turn stimulus into action ex. muscle contraction |
| damage to a tract anywhere along its length will affect its function. | descending tract- loss of motor funct. inferior to damaged area ascending tract- loss of sensation inferior to damaged area |
| what are the functions of the brain? | process sensory info, memory, reasoning, coordinate muscles, coordinate visceral activity, personality |
| protein blockers | block CNS protein that prevents axon regeneration |
| PNS neuron transplant | PNS neuron and growth factor |
| neural stem cell | brain stem cells induced to form patches |
| convolutions/ gyrus | high surface area for gray matter. part of cerebrum |
| what is a smooth brain w/o convolutions that causes extreme mental retardation, seizures & other neurological disorders? | lissencephaly |
| lobes | named after overlying bones (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula). part of cerebrum |
| cerebral cortex (gray matter) | outermost layer of cerebrum that contains cell bodies |
| white matter | innermost layer of cerebrum that contains myelinated axons - white appearance. |
Created by:
jessicawolters
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