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Sociology-Exam4
Dr. Pruitt's Final Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| social stratification | a way of ranking large groups of people into a hierarchy according to the relative power, property, and prestige (all societies are stratified) |
| ideology | -beliefs that justify social arrangements -all systems w/ stratification are upheld by ideologies |
| caste | ascribed system of stratification in which a person's life long status is determined at birth |
| class | -open system of stratification based up a person's wealth -boundaries are fluid = social mobility is possible |
| Weber's 3 components to social class | 1.property = wealth 2.prestige = social regard or reputation 3.power = ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition |
| Davis-Moore Thesis (Functionalist) | -Note that there are positions in society that need to be filled but argue that some positions are more essential than others -argue that we offer property, power, and prestige proportionate to the skill requirements of postions |
| Melvin Tumin (Functionalist Critique) | -stratification is disfunctional to many because it mostly affects the poor -stangulation of talent over time = competition becomes less open over time -functionalist view ignores the role of power in creating and maintaining stratification |
| Conflict View on Social Stratification | -groups struggle over resources -power is used to dominate other groups and limit access to resources -groups with social power control the institutions of society |
| Critique of Conflict View | 1. 2.Competition and unequal rewards may be necessary to motivate people |
| legitimacy | generally held belief that a given political system is justified and valid -over time ideologies gain legitimacy |
| How do Elites Maintain Stratification | 1.ideology 2.legitimacy 3.through the exercise of power and control of institutions |
| Social Class | a large group of people who work closely to one another in wealth, power, and prestige -seperate people into different lifestyles -provides people with different chances and different ways of viewing the world |
| wealth | consists of property (things you own) and income (salary) minus debt |
| prestige | associated with respect or regard attached to social positions (ranking is consistent across countries and over time) -displayed through status symbols |
| Prestige Scores | -Physicina: 86 -Supreme Court Judge: 85 -Attorney: 75 -College Professor: 74 -High School Teacher: 66 -Plumber: 45 -Barber: 36 -Bartender: 25 |
| 4 features of jobs with high occupational prestige | 1.pay more 2.more education 3.more abstract thought 4.greater autonomy |
| % of All Wealth (2006) | -Richest 1% (33.4%) -top 5% (57.5%) -bottom 50%(2.5%) |
| Class System | -upper class = 37% of the population -middle class = 40% of the population -working class = 30% of the population -lower class = 27% of the population |
| Consequences of Social Class | -family -education (private v. public school) -religion -politics -physical & mental health -working conditions |
| poverty line | the official measure of poverty -est. by federal govn't -poor spend 1/5 of income on food -govn't figures out a low cost food budget and multiplies it by 3 |
| What do activists argue? | only 15%-20% of income is spent on food and that this number should be multiplied by 5 or 6 which would increase the number of poor people and society does not like to acknowledge poverty |
| Where is poverty higher? | rural areas |
| % of Population living in Poverty | -12% of U.S. population -24% of blacks live in poverty -24% of Mexican Americans live in poverty -11% of Cuban Americans |
| % of Children Living in Poverty | -8% of Asian children -28% of Latino -35% of black |
| Daniel Patrickk Moinahand | Argues that the increase in child poverty is due to the increase in births to unwed mothers |
| Why are women more apt to be more poor than men? | 1.Sometimes due to divorce 2.Births to unwed mothers 3.Lower wages associated with jobs in which women are employed |
| culture of poverty | the values and behaviors of the poor that make them different from other people |
| Oscar Lewis-Culture of Poverty | -share certain values, attitudes, and beliefs that differ from the nonpoor -more permissive in rearing their children -more likely to seek immediate gratification instead of planning for the future -most poverty is short, lasting one year or less |
| Two Competing Theories for Why people are poor | 1.feautres of society deny some people access to education, jobs, and/or job skill training; large scale economic changes 2.Characteristics of individuals such as dropping out or early child rearing contribute to poverty |
| race | a group with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group |
| 1993 American Association of Physical Anthropologists | Called for the abolishment of race as a scientifically meaningful way to classify human beings because physical characteristics do not determine our behaviors, beliefs, or values |
| How do we use race and ethnicity? | We use race and ethnicity to determine ingroups and outgroups |
| ethnicity | how people identify with one another on the basis of common ancestry and culture |
| ethnic work | How people construct their ethnicity (i.e. dress) |
| minority groups | a group of people who may be subject to unequal and unfair treatment because of physical, cultural or other differences |
| dominant group | any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privelages, and the higher social status |
| How can a group become a minority group? | 1.The expansion of political boundaries (i.e. China taking over Tibet) 2.Through migration (voluntarily or forced) |
| discrimination | unfair treatment directed against someone |
| individual discrimination | negative treatment of one person by another |
| institutional discrimination | discrimination woven into society (d'jour) |
| defacto | discrimination that occurs in practice but is not legal |
| prejudice | a neagtive prejudging; an irrational negative feeling on belief about a group based on presumed characteristics of that group |
| Prejudice Classifications | 1.unprejudiced, nondiscriminators 2.unprejudiced, discriminators 3.prejudiced, nondiscriminators 4.prejudiced, discriminators |
| racism | the belief that one racial group is superior to another |
| frustration and scapegoats (Dollard) | prejudice is the result of economic frustration, and scapegoats become targets of blame |
| The Authoritatiran Personality (Adorne) | Highly prejudiced people are insecure, conformist, submissive to superiors, have a deep respect for authority, bullying to inferiors, and they are disturbed by ambiguity in religious or sexual matters |
| genocide | systematic annihilation of a race or ethnic group -victims are typically labeled the targeted group as less than fully human facilitates genocide (i.e.Rwanda, Sudan, Holocaust) |
| population transfer | causing a minority group to relocate |
| indirect transfer | dominant groups makes things so miserable for the minority, the minority has to leave |
| direct transfer | when a minority group is forcibly relocated (i.e. Trail of Tears) |
| segregation | formal seperation of racial or ethnic groups -1954 Brown v Board of Education = segregated schools were uncostitutional -1967 Loving v Virginia = determined that laws prohibiting interracial marriage was unconstitutional |
| assimilation | process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream |
| forced assimilation | when a minority group is prohibited from using its own language, religion, or culture |
| permissive assimilation | when minority groups adopt the dominant culture |
| multiculturalism | permits and encourages racial and ethnic variation -groups maintain seperate identities, yet fully participate -also referred to as "pluralism" -Switzerland |
| Naturalization Act 1790 | declared that only white immigrants could apply for citizenship |
| WASPs | white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestants |
| White Ethnics | white who are not Anglo-Saxon Protestant (i.e. Irish, Italian) |
| Latinos | -largest minority group in U.S. -69% live in TX, CA, FL, NY -at odds with the African American population 1. economic competition 2.political representation -1/2 are unable to speak English w/o difficulty -12% of lations have graduated from college (2 |
| African Americans | -have made remarkable gains since the Civil Rights Movement but still lag in politics, economics, and education -18% of blacks have graduated from college (2007) |
| William Wilson | -black sociologist at Harvard who wrote a book in the 1980s "The Declining Significance of Race" argues that social class has become more important in determining the life changes of blacks in the U.S. |
| underclass | intercity residents who are largely socially and economically isolated from the larger society |
| Why do Asian Americans have a higher income than any other racial group? | 1.48% of Asian American graduate from college 2.Strong families w/ close family ties 3.Assimilation into the mainstream (most likely to live in integrated neightborhoods + 2/5 of Asian Americans marry outside their race) - |
| What percent of whites graduate from college? | 29% |
| Asian Americans | -56% of Asian Americans live in the west while 21% of the general population lives in the west -children are more likely to be raised in a two parent family |
| Native Americans | -2 million today -the "invisible" minority -between 1/3 and 1/2 live in CA, AZ, OK -54% live on reservations -fare worse than any other group in the U.S. -highest poverty rates, unemployment, suicide, and alcoholism -14% graduate from college |
| First minority-majority state | California, 17 million nonwhites and 16 million whites |
| When did the United Nationa ban slavery? | 1948 |
| What is chattel slavery? | People are bought and sold as commodities, sometimes multiple times. Often abducted from their homes, inherited, or given as gifts. |
| In what parts of the world does chattel slavery exist today? | Middle East, Africa, Asia, and The Balkans |
| What groups were/are the top and the bottom of the Indian caste system, and what jobs were associated with each of these levels? | -top: Brahmins (priest, scholars) -Kshatiyas(Kings and warriors) -vaishyas(merchants and farmers) -shudras(peasants, laborers, craftspeople) -Dalits = "untouchables" (cleaning streets) |
| When did India outlaw the caste system? | 1949 |
| How do people identify castes today? | Through their surnames and socialize with and marry within their own castes |
| The richest 20% own what percent of all stock? | 90% of all stock |
| What is meant by nouveau riche? | new money |
| What is conspicuous consumption? | lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and to enhance one's prestige |
| Are upper-middle class members more or less likely to work 50 or more hours per week? | more |
| Who is more likely to watch television as their primary recreational activity-middle or working class? | working class |
| What is absolute poverty? | not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life |
| What is relative poverty? | not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living |
| Why are most people poor? | 1.individual characteristics 2.structural characteristics |
| As more businesses relocated to the suburbs how does this affect poor minorities (especially those concentrated in inner city areas)? | Are unlikely to hear about employment possibilities or to have the transportation to get to even low-skill jobs |
| What is horizontal mobility? | moving from one position to another at the same class level |
| Why are low-income countries under developed according to dependency theory? | Because they are pawns that high-income countries exploit and dominate |
| What is vertical mobility? | moving up or down the class hierarchy |
| What is intragenerational mobility? | moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime |
| What is intergenerational mobility? | Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents |
| What is corporate welfare? | an array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for business |
| About 93% of those in extreme poverty live in what three groups? | East Asia, South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa |
| Why are low-income countries poor according to modernization theory? | Because of traditional attitudes about technology and institutions. They adhere to traditional customs that isolate them from competing in a global economy |
| In a study comparing people with white-and black-sounding names, people with white-sounding names received how many calls for interviews? | 50% more calls |
| By 2025, what percent of the U.S. population is projected to be white-down from this percent in 1950 | -58% -86% |
| All human beings carry what percent of the same genetic material? | 99.9% |
| The current proportion of foreign-born U.S. residents is lower/higher than in 1900 | lower -11% to 15% in 1990 |
| In 2006, how many unauthorized, illegal immigrants were in the U.S.? | 12 million |
| How many people have been victims of genocide during the 20th century? | 63 million |
| What does the contact hypothesis state? | The diea that the more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudiced against that groups |
| Know in order the 5 largest ethnicities of European descent in the U.S. | 1.German 2.Irish 3.English 4.Italian 5.Polish |
| Word wide, what countries have larger Latino population than the U.S.? | only Mexico and Colombia |
| What group has the largest median income of all U.S. racial-ethnic groups? | Asian Americans |
| What group has higher educational levels than any other racial-ethnic group in the U.S.? | Asian Americans |
| What american Indian tribes have more than 100,000 members? | Cherokee, Navajo, Chippewa, and Sioux |
| When did American Indians get the right to vote? | 1924 |
| Arab Americans are more likely than the average U.S. resident to have a college degree | more |
| What is Tiger Woods ethnic makeup? | 1/8 - caucasian 1/4 - black 1/8 - American Indian 1/4 - Thai 1/2 - Chinese |
| What states has the largest proportion of people who identify themselves as more than one race? | Hawaii |
| In 1958 only ___ % of Americans approved of marriage between blacks and whites. By 2007, ____ % approved such unions | -1958: 4% -2007: 77% |
| High Income Countries | -occupy about 35% of the world's land -3/4 of the population live in/near cities -GNI per capita $36,608 -U.S., Australia, Western Europe, Canada, Japan |
| Middle Income Countries | -1/2 world's population -3.1 billion people: 48% of the world's population -19% of the world's income |
| Low-Income Countries | -25% of the people live in cities -2.4 billion people: 40% of the world's population -3% of the world's income |
Created by:
taylorann93
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