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Test One Study Guide
Biology Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the world around us. But it is __________ to remember that this must take place in a _____________ and _____________ way. | critical, testable, repeatable |
| Science is based on 2 things | Observation Experimentation (often, but not always, these two methods are used together) |
| List the major steps of the scientific method. | 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Experiment 5. Analysis 6. Results 7. Conclusions 8. Next Question |
| Following the scientific method step by step is not necessarily.... | required for good scientific study to take place. |
| Science does not produce facts. Science only | produces hypotheses that are then back up by scientic evidence |
| The predominant theory about how the universe was created is called: | The Big Bang Theory |
| The Big bang theory was championed by | Sir Stephen Hawking |
| What 2 things did we list that make life as we know it possible on Earth? | 1. Distance from the sun 2. Atmosphere |
| List the 2 things we talked about that were much more frequent occurrences during early life of Earth. | 1. Volcanic eruptions 2. Meteor Strikes |
| The basic building blocks of life are | Amino Acids |
| Amino Acids come together to form | Protocells |
| Protocells were believed to be occurred | in the pores (divits) in the side of rocks |
| The first major group of photosynthesis was | Cyanobacteria |
| What two important molecules increase in abundance in the atmosphere as a response to photosynthesis? | Oxygen (02) and Ozone (03) |
| What important effect does an ozone layer have on cellular life in the early stages? | Blocks enough of the UV radiation to all DNA to exist without break down |
| Define Evolution | The idea that all species were part of a great "Chain of Being" was part of the idea of Species Fixity which meant all species were created currently as they exist. |
| Carolus Linnaeus | created the two-name system for cataloguing species--binomial nomenclature. He spent his life cataloging species. He was also designated as the "archetype" human being. |
| Georges Cuvier | first to note that some species must have, @ some point, gone extinct. Proposed that species went extinct due to a number of catastrophic geological events over Earth's History. |
| Catastrophism | The idea that the earth and life on earth was shaped by a series of large catastrophic geological events. |
| John Baptist Lamarck | introduced the idea that a species could improve over a number of generations. He thought this was due to an inherent need to move up the chain of being |
| Charles Lyell | Geologiest that came up with the idea that slow, gradual processes are what shapes the earth's surface. Published these ideas in Principles of Geology. |
| Uniformity | the idea that slow, gradual process shape the earth's surface, not large catastrophic evens such as those proposed in by Cuvier. |
| Alfred Russel Wallace | Came up with the idea of natural selection at the same time that Charles Darwin did and his correspondences with Darwin prodded Darwin into publishing the Origin of Species. Known as the Father of Biogeography |
| Thomas Maltheus | An economist in England that wrote about how populations (human in his case) would always reproduce more than resources could sustain and that this creates a situation where the strongest, richest, etc. individuals end up surviving |
| Natural Selection | Individuals with traits that are well suited to survival and reproduction end up living longer and reproducing more than individuals with poorly suited traits. Over time as the well suited individuals reproduce more than others, traits are more common. |
| Fitness | The degree of adaptation to an environment and its genetic contribution to future generations. |
| Adaptive Traits | traits that enhance one's fitness. |
| Maladaptive Trait | lower one's fitness |
| Heritability | the ability for a trait to be passed genetically from one generation to another. |
| 6 Major Areas where we find Evidence for Evolution | 1. Ancient Relatives 2. Artificial Selection 3. Comparative Morphology 4. Adaptive radiation 5. Developmental similarities. 6. Transitional Fossils |
| Ancient Relatives | current species have ancient predecessors in fossil record |
| Artificial Selection | if man can do it pretty easily, why can't nature |
| Comparative Morphology | structures that no longer serve a purpose but are left over from an ancestor |
| Adaptive Radiation | when a species colonizes a new environment, it adapts in many way to fill niches |
| Developmental similarities | Even very different animals (humans and crocs) look similar as embryos |
| transitional fossils | show a transition period from one group to another in fossil record |
| What are analogous and homologous structures? | homologous structures are similar sturctures that developed from a common ancestor, ie. The arms of all different types of mammals. Analogous structures are similar structures that developed separately from different lineages.wings of birdsbatsinsects |
| What is the difference between morphological convergence and morphological divergence? | Morphological convergence:when non related species (from very different lineages) evolve traits that solve the same problem; ie. Wings on birds, bats, insects. |
| Morphological Convergence | when one species, or closely related species, diverge in traits moving farther away from each other, eventually diverging into different lineages |
| What things must happen for a fossil to end up in a museum for us to study it? | It must avoid being destroyed. Then quickly be covered in an oxygen-free environment and covered with sediment over time. Once mineralized, it must avoid being broken up by geologic events. Then we must find it. |
| What are the 2 ways to date fossils? Which is more accurate? | 1. Using the layers of strata 2. Radiometric dating. Radiometric is much more accurate and precise |
| What is a half life? | Unstable isotopes decay into stable elements at a constant and predictable rate. The time that it takes half of the original isotope to decay into the stable element is called that isotopes Half Life |
| How does Radiometric Dating work? | By knowing the half life of an isotope and measuring the ratio of isotope to stable element present in a fossil, you can date it. |
| What actually evolves? What does this mean? | A population evolves. An individual can't change it's genes- but the frequency of genes in a population can change over time, thus the population is actually what's evolving. |
| How does natural selection affect an individual? What does that mean for the overall population? | Natural selection essentially determines whether an individual lives long enough to reproduce. For the population, this means that only the individuals best suited for the environment live long enough to pass on their genes. |
| Mutation is | the only source of new alleles and that each of the other sources of trait variation are simply mixing and matching existing alleles in different combinations |
| Chromosomes | structures containing DNA and associated proteins |
| Gene | part of the DNA sequence that specifies and RNA or protein (IE part of the chromosome that codes to make proteins) |
| Alleles | are different forms of a gene that make slightly different versions of the genes product |
| Alleles are different forms of a gene | that make slightly different versions of the gene's product. |
| What do the terms of homozygous and heterozygous mean? How do we write each of these? | If the alleles on a chromosome pair are hte same, the chrom. is homozygous. If the alleles on the chromosome pair are different, the chromosome is heterozygous. AA for homo. Aa for hetero |
| Define Microevolution & how we measure it | Microevolution is evolution within a population or species. It's measured by looking at allele frequencies and their departure from genetic equilibrium. |
| Evolution can be tracked | by measuring deviations from genetic equilibrium |
| 5 Requirements of Genetic Equilibrium | 1. Mutations never occur 2. Population is infinitely large 3. Mating is completely random 4. All individuals survive to produce the same number of offspring |
| Hardy-Weinberg equation | p2+2pq+q2=1 |
| 3 ways Natural Selection can affect allele frequencies in a population (modes) | 1. Directional Selection 2. Stabilizing Selection 3. Disruptive Selection |
| Directional Selection | selects for one end of the trait spectrum--peppered moth |
| Stabilizing Selection | selects for intermediate traits-- weaver birds of Africa |
| Disruptive Selection | selects for traits at both extreme ends of the spectrum--african seedcrackers |
| In addition to Natural selection, we discussed 2 other major things that can influence allele frequencies in a population. What are these? | Sexual Selection Genetic Drift |
| Sexual Selection | doesnt influence an individual's survival, but rather how much they can reproduce. makes very funny physical traits-lots of birds, stalk eyed, flies, elephant seals |
| Genetic Drift | is the random change in allele frequencies within a population. Small populations are much much moire susceptible to this |
| What is "Balanced Polymorphism"? What combination of alleles does it favor? What example of this did we discuss? | This is the case in which the heterozygous allele combination provides a specific survival advantage over either homozygous genotype. In Africa, it's good to be heterozygous for sickle cells disease bc it doesn't give you sickness, resist. to malaria |
| Genetic Drift | most easily affects small populations |
| The Founder Effect | when a large population stems from just a few individuals |
| What problems can arise from the Founder Effect? | often leads to imbreeding and a dangerously low genetic diversity. |
| Genetic Diversity | the diversity of alleles present within a given population |
| Why is genetic diversity important? | high genetic diversity allows a population to respond to changing conditions bc w/ high genetic diversity, inevitably some individuals in the pop. will have traits well suited for w/e environ. change arises |
| How do we define a species | groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups |
| What is speciation and what is critical for speciation to occur? | Speciation is the evolutionary process by which new species arise. Reproductive isolation is critical for this |
| What is Gene Flow? Why does it inhibit speciation? | Gene flow is the movement of genes between populations. If two populations are exchanging genes than they can never be reproductively isolated and so can never speciate. |
| 7 Types of Reproductive Isolation | 1. Geographic Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation 3. Mechanical Isolation 4. Ecological Isolation 5. Behavioral Isolation 6. Gamete Incapability 7. Hybrid Inviability |
| Geographic isolation | aren't in close enough proximity to mate w/ each other |
| Temporal Isolation | individuals don't mature or aren't sexually active at the same time |
| Mechanical Isolation | individuals occur in the same landscape but occupy different ecological parts of the landscape so they never come in contact with each other. |
| Ecological Isolation | The parts don't fit together |
| Behavioral Isolation | if you can't do the specific mating dance, you don't get laid |
| Gamete incompatibility | can have sex, but the sperm and egg are incompatible with each other |
| Hybrid inviability | can reproduce but offspring is inviable |
| 3 types of speciation | allopatric, sympatric, & parapatric-> all based on physical proximity of diverging populations |
| Macroevolution | the large scale evolution that leads to divergence of major groups such as kingdoms and phylums |
| what is stasis? | a long period of history where a species does not change much |
| what is mass extinction and what role do mass extinctions play in macroevolution? | a mass extinction is when a major portion of the existing species on earth go earth go extinct in a short period of time.This opens up a lot of resources for the few surviving species to utilize&adapt to optimize |
| What is Coevoluation? | When 2 species interact so closely that they evolve with each other either in harmony to some sort of arms race |
| Rank Atoms, molecules, and cells in size | Atoms->Molecules->Cells |
| Atoms are made up of which 3 particles | Protons, neutrons, and electrons |
| Atoms bond with each other to make? | Molecules |
| Cells | are the smallest unit of life |
| List the 4 generalizations of Cell Theory: | 1. All organisms are composed of 1 or 2 more cells. 2. Cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms 3. All cells come from the division of previously existing cells during division |
| Plasma membrane | separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment |
| Cytoplasm | fills the cell, holds organelles, and can undergo metabolism |
| Nucleus | holds genetic material which codes for amino acids and proteins. where cell division begins |
| Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER) | Takes amino acids and links them together into proteins |
| Golgi Body | completes proteins and packages them up to be shipped out to other parts of the cell |
| Mitochondria | makes energy for the cell by breaking down sugar |
| Vacuoule | Large space that is largely empty that serves as storage and a place to put toxins |
| Chloroplasts | hold cholorophyll and undergo photosynthesis |
| List the differences between plant cells and animal cells | Plants have cells walls, central vacuoules, and Chloroplasts. Animal cells have none of these. |
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