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Biology Chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Autotroph | An organism that obtains energy from the environment |
| Photoautotroph | An organism that uses sunlight to supply its energy and carbon |
| Chemoautotroph | An organism that oxidizes inorganic compounds to supply its energy and carbon |
| Photosynthesis | A process in which photoautotrophs use sunlight to split water and carbon dioxide into sugars |
| Electromagnetic spectrum | All light energy, including radio waves, gamma rays, infrared and ultraviolet light |
| Visible light | The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that animals can see and photoautotrophs can use |
| Pigment | A light-absorbing substance that reflects little to no light |
| Chloroplast | A membrane-bound organelle in photoautotrophs used in photosynthesis |
| Stroma | The space within the chloroplast not taken up by granum or thykaloids |
| Thykaloid | Membrane-bound sacs containing chlorophyll |
| Granum | Stacks of thykaloids |
| Chlorophyll A | Type of chlorophyll that absorbs best in red |
| Chlorophyll B | Type of chlorophyll that absorbs best in violet |
| Light Reactions | The first part of photosynthesis in which pigment molecules absorb light and make temporary chemical energy |
| Calvin Cycle | The second part of photosynthesis in which enzymes use the energy from the light reactions to make sugars |
| Photosystem I | A photosystem that creates energy to make ATP and NADPH |
| Photosystem II | A photosystem that splits water into oxygen, electrons, and protons to make into ATP and NADPH |
| Reaction Center Molecules | Molecules of Chlorophyll A that accumulates energy from the photosystems |
| Electron Carriers | Molecules that carry electrons from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, and from Photosystem I to NADPH and ATP |
| NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate) | The base form of NADPH, which is charged by electrons from Photosystem I to make it into NADPH |
| NADPH | A carrier for the protons and electrons needed for the next part of photosynthesis |
| ATP Synthetase | An enzyme in the stroma that uses protons from the thykaloid to make ATP |
| RuBP (Ribulose Biphosphate) | A 5-carbon sugar-phosphate that begins the Calvin cycle |
| Carbon Dioxide Fixation | A process in which a carbon dioxide molecule combines with RuBP |
| Phosphoglyceric Acid (PGA) | A molecule the combined RuBP splits into which will be transformed into PGAL, a useful sugar) |
| Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) | A molecule of PGA that has been transformed by ATP and NADPH into a sugar |
| Rubisco | An enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide fixation |
| Rate | The activity per unit of time, in this case how fast photosynthesis is moving |
| Photoinhibition | A decline in the rate of photosynthesis |
| Principle of Limiting Factors | A principle that states that the factors in shortest supply have the most effect on photosynthesis |
| Saturation | The maximum amount of a substance that is useful, i.e. "Too much of a good thing" |
| Photorespiration | A process in which an organism actually loses fixed carbon atoms, the use of which is not fully known |
| C3 Plants | Plants like soybeans, wheat, and rice that use photorespiration and survive in wet environments |
| C4 Plants | Plants that don't use photorespiration, including crabgrass, sugarcane, and corn, and survive in hot and dry environments |
| C4 Photosynthesis | A form of photosynthesis that only C4 plants use, called "C4" because it first fixes CO2 in a 4-carbon sugar. |
| Bundle Sheath | A tightly packed layer of cells around each vein in the leaf. |
| CAM Plants | Desert plants, including snake plants, that only open their stomates at night to take in CO2. During the day, enzymes break down CO2 for the Calvin cycle. |
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lapplebey
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