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wjn9041 2
behavioral ecology & Ecosystems and Energy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| examines the ways in which behavior is adaptive, how behavior varies, how it evolves | behavioral ecology |
| Order Chiroptera Suborder ___ - 155 sp., 40 genera, eat mainly flowers, fruit, nectar | megachiropterans |
| Suborder___ - 725 sp., 140 genera, smaller bats that feed on insects, most of which are captured in flight. insect-eating | microchiropterans |
| ability to hunt by sound | echolocation |
| • Any theory of evolution could explain why adaptive behaviors would be passed on • parallel process to natural selection • Now regarded as a special case of natural selection • Male-male competition • Female choice | sexual selection |
| males competed with one another to attract females | male-male competition |
| females actively selected their desired mates | female choice |
| male’s appearance, his ability to thrive, suggest that he has good genes, great for making your babies | good genes model (Borgia) |
| if male can carry around huge tails or antlers and still avoid predators, feed himself, etc.. he must be really great | handicap model (Zahavi) |
| maybe females are simply making an aesthetic choice - they like the way you look | aesthetic preference model (Darwin) |
| trait becomes reinforced generation after generation until it is greatly exaggerated, can be a dangerous burden | runaway selection (Fisher) |
| Males of non-territorial species must find other ways to compete for mates One solution is to fight one another to establish a dominance ___ within the pack or herd | dominance heirarchy |
| Males of non-territorial species must find other ways to compete for mates One solution is to fight one another to establish a dominance hierarchy within the pack or herd Linear sequence of dominant and sub-dominant males | pecking order |
| Males typically court females, not vice-versa. Male competition often takes the form of a____ | courtship display |
| In many species of birds, a male’s___, the number of songs he can sing, is directly correlated with his reproductive success | repertoire |
| curious courtship behavior shared by many animals (including humans) Offer a potential mate a juicy morsel, like a ripe berry or juicy grub Shows her you are interested, more importantly shows you know how to find groceries in the wild | tidbitting |
| Many types of birds compete by gathering together in one spot, called an arena, and performing for groups of females These courtship arenas are called__,meaning sex play! | leks |
| Large gray bird, about the size of a pigeon, one of eighteen species of | bowerbirds |
| little structures used to attract a mate | bowers |
| Bowerbirds are ___ - one male mates with several females | polygynous |
| Juvenile males build___ Takes several years before they can build a bower good enough to attract a mate Adult males will lend a hand, share interior design tips | practice bower |
| Bowerbirds demonstrate what Gilliard called the ___ Certain physical traits (bright plumage etc..) attract a mate These traits become replaced by external objects, such as bower decorations | transfer effect |
| all of the biological communities in a given area together with their physical habitat | ecosystem |
| all the organisms that appear in a particular habitat that interact with one another | biological community |
| how many different species in the community + how many individuals of each different species | community structure |
| linear sequence of predator and prey in an ecosystem (who eats who) | food chain |
| interconnection of all the food chains in an ecosystem | food web |
| Larger the animals, the scarcer they were | pyramid of numbers (Elton) |
| Because of the inevitable loss of most of the solar energy that enters the ecosystem, only a tiny portion remains when you reach the peak of____ | pyramid of energy (Lindeman) |
| The remaining 75% is available to the next____ 90% of the energy at any ___is lost going to the next ____ Most ecosystems have 4 ___, some have 5 - 6 (secondary, tertiary carnivores) | trophic level |
| Autotrophs are ___ Plants | producers |
| herbivores and carnivores are the____ | consumers |
| eat plants, change the plant’s energy into their own energy | herbivore |
| eats herbivores, incorporate the energy of the prey into parts of the predator | carnivore |
| The solar energy assimilated by plants | gross primary production (GPP) |
| Subtract from this GPP the fraction that the plant uses for itself (~25%), what’s left | net primary production (NPP) |
| Most ecosystems have 4 trophic levels, some have 5 - 6 | secondary carnivore |
| Warm-blooded animals need more energy to sustain themselve | endothermic |
| cold-blooded animals | ectothermic |
| Total biomass predator / total biomass prey | predator-prey ratio |
| Probably overestimating the number of large carnivores _____in favor of big carnivores | collection bias |
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wjn9041
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