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Mol and Cell ch. 4
General Features of Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Theory | 1) all living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) Cells are the smallest units of life 3)New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division |
| Prokaryotic Cells | -Simple cell structure -Lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus -2 domains: backeria and archea -both small -Bacteria: abundant, most not harmful -Archaea: less common, often found in extreme environments |
| What makes up a bacterial cell? | -Plasma membrane-barrier -Cytoplasm-contained inside plasma membrane -Nucleoid-> region where genetic material if found -Ribosomes-> involved in protein synthesis (specifically translation) -Cell wall-support and protection -Glycocalyx-trap H2o, prot |
| Eukaryotic Cell | -DNA housed inside nucleus -Eukayrotic cells have compartmentalization -have organelles (membrane-bound structures) -shape,size, & organization of cells vary among diff species and even among cell types of the same species |
| Structures in a Eukaryotic Cell | Centrosome, nucleus, lysosome, ribosome, plasma membrane, chromatin (in nucleus), cytosol, golgi, peroxisome, cytoskeleton, mitochondria, smooth and rough ER |
| Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm | cytosol-fluid region of a eukaryotic cell that is outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane cytoplasm-includes everything inside the plasme membrane (including: cytosol, ER system, and semiautonomous organelles) |
| 2 Types of ribosomes in the cell | Free Ribosomes- in the cytosol, mostly synthesize proteins that function in the cytosol (cytoplasmic proteins) Bound Ribosomes-attached to the ER, making rough ER. make proteins that are secreted fro mteh cell (secretory) and cells that imbed in the memb |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | -network of membranes that form flattened, fluidfilled tubes called cisternae -encloses a single compartment called the ER lumen -rough er:has ribo, protein synthesis and sorting -smooth:lacks ribo, detox, carb metabolism, Ca balance, synthesis. |
| Protein synthesis | -made in cytosol and finishes there unless polypep signals the rib to attach to ER -protein either gets stuck in membrane, pinches off and gets stuck in plasma mem, or goes into lumen and becomes secretory pro or protein in organelle (ex: lysosome) |
| Protein gycosylation | cut and paste oligosaccharide onto asparigine on protein to make a glycoprotein |
| Golgi Apparatus | stack of flattened, membrane-bounded compartments -Vesicles transport materials between stacks 3 functions: -secretion -processing -protein sorting |
| What happens in the Golgi? (6 things) | 1)phophorylation of oligosaccharides 2)removal of manose 3)addition of GlcNAc 4)addition of galactose 5)addition of NANA 6)SORTING |
| Lysosome | -membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules -lysosomal enzymes w a pH optimum at 5 can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysac, and nucleic acids -uses autophagy to recycle what it eats |
| types of Vacuoles | central vacuole- in plants for storage and support Contractile- in protists for expelling excess water phagocytic-in protists and white blood cells for degradatioin |
| Peroxisomes | catalyze certain reactions that break down molecules by removing hydrogen or adding O2 by product of reaction is H2o2 (hydrogen peroxide -catalase breaks down H2O2 into H2O and O2 |
| Semiautonomous organelles | Ex: Mitochondria & Chloroplasts -Can grow & divide to repro themselves, but theyre not completely autonomous bc they depend on other parts of the cell for their internal components translate, transcribe & replicate own DNA Use to be free living bacter |
| Mitochondria | -Primary role is to make ATP -Outer and Inner membrane -Involved in they synthesis, modification, and breakdown of several types of cellular molecules -contain own DNA, divide by binary fission |
| Chloroplasts | -in plant cells -photosynthesis 0outer and inner membrane w an intermembrane space and a thylakoid membrane -contain own DNA, divide by binary fission |
| Endomembrane System | network of membranes enclosing the: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles |
| Nuclear envelope | -double membrane structure enclosing nucleus -outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is continuous wit hthe endoplasmic reticulunm membrane -nuclear pores: provide passageways |
| Nucleus | includes: chromosomes-composed of DNA and protein=chromatin -Nuclear Matrix-filamentous network, organizes chromosomes -ribosome assembly occurs in the nucleolus |
| Cytoskeleton | -network of 3 different types of protein filaments 1)mircotubules-hollow cylindrical structures 2)actin filaments-long,thin fibers 3)intermediate filaments-form twisted, ropelike structure |
| Microtubules | long, hollow rods -functions: -maitenence of cell shape -cell motility -chromosome movements in cell division -organelle movements -made of tubulin |
| Centrosomes and Centromeres | Centrosome- of the microtubules grow out these for mitosis and meiosis centromere-2 of these in a centrosome |
| Microfilaments | -made of actin -bear tension, resisting pulling forces within cell -form a cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell's shape |
| Intermediate filaments | -support cell shape and fix organelles in place |
| Cell Wall | -only in plant cell -protects the cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of H2O -made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein |
| ECM | -made up of glycoproteins such as: collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin -binds w receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins |
| Tight junction desmosomes Gap Junction | -membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid -fasten cells togetrher into strong sheets -provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
Created by:
haley6719
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