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Sam B's Mid-term
Science Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The scientific study of fossils? | Paleontology. |
| What describes catastrophic change? | Sudden. |
| What are the three factors that affect rock formation? | Temperature, Composition, and Pressure. |
| The continual process by which new rock forms from old rock materials. | The rock cycle. |
| The process by which rock within the Earth's moves to the Earth's surface. | Uplift. |
| Minerals a rock contains. | Composition. |
| Describes the size, shape, and positions of a rock's grains. | Texture. |
| If magma cools quickly, the rock is | fine-grained |
| If magma cools quickly, the rock is | course-grained |
| How does igneous rock form? | It forms from cooled magma. |
| The three states of magma. | Solid, liquid, gas. |
| Rock that forms below the surface of the Earth. | Intrusive Igneous Rock. |
| Rock that forms above the Earth's surface. | Extrusive Igneous Rock. |
| Large, irregular shape intrusive bodies. | Plutons. |
| The largest formations of igneous rock. | Batholiths. |
| Smaller formations of Igneous rock. | Stocks. |
| Formed in sheets across other already formed rocks. | Dikes. |
| Sheetlike but are oriented parallel to previous formed rock. | Sills. |
| Difference between composition and texture of igneous rock | composition- when fluids like water combine with rock, composition changes. Texture- if combined with water, melting point lowers. |
| What are rocks made of? | Silicate or nonsilicate minerals |
| What is silicate minerals? | Silicon and oxygen. Makes up 90% of earth's crust. |
| What is nonsilicate minerals? | Minerals that do NOT contain oxygen and silicon |
| Combine these with silicate minerals? | Aluminun, iron, magnesium and potasium |
| Difference between contact and regional metamorphism | Contact is rock heated by magma. Regional is pressure that builds up in rock deep below other rock formations |
| Example of metamorphic rock | late, phyllite, shist, gneiss |
| complete definition of mineral | a naturally formed inorganic solid with a crystalline structure |
| What did Lydell contribute | He helped Hutton prove his theory |
| What did Hutton do? | he wrote "Theory of the Earth" |
| Difference between foliated and nonfoliated metamorphic rock | Folitated- when minerals are arranged in bands or plains. Nonfolliated- not arranged in planes or bands |
| How is a rock classified? | Metamorphic, Sedimentary or Ignieous |
| Difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rock? | Intrusive is formed from cooling and solidification of magma BENEATH the Earth's surface Extrusive- Forms from volcanic activity AT or NEAR surface. |
| Deformation | Bending, tilting or brasking of the Earth's crust |
| How is sedimentary rock formed? | When sediment goes through weathering and ersion |
| Explain Stratification | Process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers |
| Organic class of sedimentary rocks | Coral, reefs, fossiliferous limestone - when animal remains evenually become cemented together |
| Understand the terms of mining | Surface mining- when mineral deposits are located at or near the Earth's surface. Subsurface mining- minerals deposits located too deep to mine |
| Difference types of mines | Surface or subsurface |
| What are the various types of special properties of minerals | Florescence, Chemical reaction, optical properties, magnetism, taste, radioactivity |
| Fluorescence | Lights up under fluorite light |
| Chemical reaction | Will become bubbly if acid is poured on |
| Optical properties | cause you to see double if looked through |
| magnetism | attract iron |
| Taste | salty |
| radioactivity | radium or uranium can be detected by Geiger counter |
| How do you calculate the density of a mineral | Divide the mass to the volume |
| What type of info do fossils give us? | Tells us what was on Earth a long time ago and how climate changed |
| Various ways plants can become fossillized | If it freezes or gets stuck in amber |
| What did Darwin do? | Contributed to the study of dinosaurs |
| Examples of nonsilicate minerals | Contains NO silicon or oxygen. Copper, gold, silver, carbonates halides |
| Carbonates | a mineral that contains combination of carbon and oxygen |
| Various ways that animals can become fossillized | In rock, in amber, petrification, asphalt, frozen |
| What are the divisions in geologic time? | Phanerozoid Eon, Proterozic Eon, Archean Eon, Hadean Eon |
| Types of luster | Metallic-shiny Submetallic- dull |
| Explain luster | The way light reflects a mineral |
| Patterns of fractures for all minerals | Color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, hardness |
| Streak? | Color of the powder |
| Cleavage? | Splitting is flat |
| Fracture? | Splitting is curved |
| Hardness? | Ability to resist scratching |
| Luster" | The way it reflects light |
| How is metamorphic rock formed? | When sedimentary rock fores through heat and pressure. |
| Sulfates | Minerals that contain sulfur and oxygen |
| Chemical reaction? | Calcite will be bubbly or fizz when water is put on it |
| What natural magnets attract iron? | Magnetite and pyrrhotite |
| What is reclamation? | The process of returning land to its original condition after mining it completely |
| What is Density | The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance |
| How did Colbert contribute? | He studied dinosaurs |
| How did Gould contribute? | He helped find out if catastrophic events shaped the Earth's history |
| CLASTIC class of sedimentary rocks | Conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, shale are rated on a scale from coarse to fine grained |
| Examples of sedimentary rock | conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone and shale |
| Various uses of mined minerals | handlebars- titanium from ilmanite Frame-Aluminun from bauxite Pedals- beryllium from berl Spokes- iron from magnetit |
| Examples of igneous rocks | Granite, rhyolite, gabbro, baslat |
| How is Limestone formed? | Surface or ground water carrying minerals into lakes or seas and then crystallizes |
| Index mineral rock | used to estimate the temperature, depth, and pressure at which rocks undergo metamorphism |
| Oxides | compounds that form when an element, like aluminun or iron, combine chemically with oxygen |
| Native element | mineral that is composed of only one element |
| Ore | Natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the materials to be mined profittable |
| Types of extrusive igneous rocks | Lava , Fissures, lava plateau, |
| How does Lava flow make an extrusive igneous rock? | when lava flows from volcano |
| how do fissures make an extrusive igneous rock? | When lava erupts and flows from cracks in the Earth's crust |
| How do a lava plateau make an extrusive igneous rock? | Large amount of lava flows out of a fissure and onto land. The lava can cover a large area and form a plain. |
| Types of intrusive igneous rocks | Plutons, Batholiths, stocks, dikes, sills |
| Plutons? | Igneous rock- formed with large irregular shaped intrusive bodies |
| Batholiths? | largest of igneous intrusions |
| Stocks? | Intrusive bodies that are exposed over smaller area than batholiths |
| Dikes | Sheetlike intrusions that cut across previous rock units |
| Sills? | sheetlike intrusions that are oriented parrallel to previous rock untis |
| Index Fossil | A fossil that is found in the rock layers of only one geologic age and that is used to establish the age of the rock layer |
| Texture? | The quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes and positions of the rock grains |
| Uniformitarianism | a Principle that states that geologic processes that occurred in the past can be explained by current geologic proccesses |
| Discomformity | when rocks in the geologic colunm break |
| What are the types of radiometric dating? | Potassium-Argon Method Uranium- Lead Method Rabidium- Strontium Method Carbon- 14 Method |
| Palezoic Era? | Ocean took over |
| Mexozioc Era? | Dinosaurs took over |
| Cenozioc Era? | Mass extinction |
| Half-life | The time needed for half of the sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay |
| Fossil | The remains or physical evidence of an organism preserved by geological processes |
| Intrusive Igneous Rock | When magma intrudes the rock that it forms |
| Isotopes | an atom that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element BUT has a different number of neutrons |
| Geologic column | An arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom |
| Uncomformity | A break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded |
| Paleotogy | the study of fossils |
| Relative dating | Any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger that other events or objects |
| Paleobotany | the study of plant fossils |
| Angular unconformity | Exists between horizontal rock layers and rock layers that are tilted or folded |
| Radioactive decay | The process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same or another element |
| Era | A unit of geologic time that includes two or more periods |
| Geologic Time Scale | Shows a scale that divides Earth's 4.6 billion -year history into distince intervals of time |
| Radiometric dating | A method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentage of a radioactive isotope and a stable isotope |
| Extinction? | When a race of Animal is gone forever |
| Fissures? | When lava erupts and flows from long cracks in the Earth's crust |
| Deposition? | The process in which material is laid down |
| Sulfides | Minerals that contain one or more elements like lead, iron, or nickel combined with sulfur |
| Epoch? | A subdivision of a geologic period |
| Cast | When sediment fills in the cavity left by a decomposed organism |
| Eon | The largest division of geologic time |
| Types of Fossils | Rock, Amber, Petrification, Asphalt and Frozen |
| Non-metallic minerals | Vitreous, silky, resinous, waxy, pearly and earthy |
| Metallic Minerals | Bright and reflective |
| Element | A substance that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means |
| Crystal? | A solid, whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern |
| Compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| Strata | Layers of rock |
| What are the different classes of nonsilicate minerals? | Native Elements- composed of only one element. Used in communication and electronic equipment. Carbonates- contains carbon and oxygen. Halites, oxides, sulfates and sulfides |
| Erosion? | When water, wind, ice or gravity transports soil and sediments from one place to another |
| Trace fossil? | A fossilized mark that is formed in soft sediment by the movement of an animal |
| Composition? | The chemicla makeup of a rock |
| Period? | A unit of geologic time into which years are divided |
| Mold | A mark or cavity made in a sedimentary surface by a shell or other body |
| Halides | Compounds that form when fluorine, chlorine, iodine or bromine combine with sodium, potassium or calcium |
Created by:
LeGiT F4IL
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