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Midterms for DANNY
Science Finals Study Guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the study of fossils of animals and plants? | Paleontology |
| What are strata? | Layers of sedimentary rock |
| An inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure. | mineral |
| What is a mineral deposit that is large and pure enough to be mined for a profit? | ore |
| What is the color of the powder that a mineral leaves on a streak plate? | Streak |
| What kinds of mines are open pit and quarries? | Surface mines. |
| Halides and Oxides. | Nonsilicate Minerals |
| What is the softest mineral on the Mohs Hardness Scale? | Talc |
| A mineral that is composed of only one element | Native Element |
| Which processes form sediment? | Weathering and erosion |
| What kind of sedimentary rock can be cemented together by calcite? | Clastic |
| What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? | Stratification |
| A change in the shape of a rock caused by force. | Deformation |
| Process other than heat that causes metamorphism. | Pressure |
| Metamorphic rock in which the grains are arranged in bands. | Foliated |
| Process in which minerals change in size or composition. | Recrystallization |
| Result of large pieces of rock deep within the Earth's crust colliding. | Regional Metamorphism |
| Metamorphic rock in which the mineral grains are not arranged in bands. | Nonfoliated |
| States that younger rock layers lie above older rock layers if they haven't been disturbed. | Superposition |
| This principle states that geologic change occurs suddenly. | Castrophism |
| What are two major groups of minerals? | Silicate and Nonsilicate minerals |
| The groupings silicate and nonsilicate minerals are based on... | Chemical composition |
| What is the special property that causes some minerals to glow under UV light? | Flourescence |
| Minerals that are good conductors of heat and eletricity. | metallic minerals |
| Returning land to the way it was before mining. | Reclamation |
| Ratio of mass to volume. | Density |
| The tendency of some minerals to break along smooth flat surfaces. | Cleavage |
| A common silicate mineral that is also the main component of most rocks on earth. | Feldspar |
| This is the way an object reflects light. | Luster |
| What type of surface does fracture occur on. | Curved |
| What is the hardest mineral on the Mohs Hardness Scale | Diamond |
| A repeating pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules in a mineral. | Crystalline Structure |
| What is the name for nonmetallic mineals that are values for their beauty and rarity rather than their usefulness? | Gemstones |
| Minerals that contain uranium or radium can be detected by using this. | Geiger Counter |
| A solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern. | Crystal |
| A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonnds. | Compound |
| Characteristics that are particular to only a few types of minerals. | Special Properties |
| What is a mineral's ability to resist scratching? | Hardness |
| Tear-shaped bodies that form when magma moves upward. | Pegmatites |
| Environment in which bodies of salt dry up. | Evaporating salt water |
| Magma body that moves upwards and cools before it reaches the surface, forming crystals. | Plutons |
| Environment in which groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma and then reacts with minerals. | Hot water solutions |
| Minerals formed when surface and ground water carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas where they crystallize. | Limestones |
| Where minerals form when rocks are altered by changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup. | Metamorphic rocks |
| This forms in Metamorphic Rock. | Garnet |
| Forms in tear-shaped pegmatites in hot fluid. | topaz |
| Forms when a body of salt water evaporates. | Gypsum |
| These are used to make fireworks. | Carbonates |
| These are used to make toothpaste. | Sulfates |
| These are used to make batteries. | Sulfides |
| A naturally occuring solid mixture of one or more minerals of organic matter. | Rock |
| The series of processes in which a rock changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes. | Rock Cycle |
| This is the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transport soil and sediment from one place to another. | Erosion |
| What is Deposition? | The process by which material is laid down. |
| The chemical makeup of a rock, describes either the minerals or other material in it. | Composition |
| The quality of a rock that is based on the sizes, shapes, and positions of the rock's grains. | Texture |
| The smallest part of an element | Atom |
| What forms when rock is heated, pressure is released, or when rock changes composition? | Magma |
| What are light colored rocks that are rich in aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium? | Felsic Igneous Rocks |
| What are dark colored rocks that ar rich in calium, iron, and magnesium, but poor in silicon? | Mafic Igneous Rock |
| If magma cools quickly what kind of texture will the igneous rock have? | Fine-grained |
| If the magma cools slowly what kind of texture will the igneous rock have? | Coarse-Medium-grained |
| What is igneous rock formed from the cooling of magma beneath the earth's surface? | Intrusive igneous rock |
| What is the biggest igneous intrusion? | Batholiths |
| What is the smallest igneous intrusion? | Sills |
| What is a dike? | A sheetlike intrusion that cut across previous rock units. |
| An intrusive body that is exposed over smaller areas than batholiths. | Stocks |
| Rock that forms as a result of volcanic activity at or near th earth's surface. | Extrusive Igneous Rock |
| What are two types of extrusive igneous rock? | Lava Plateaus and Fissures |
| What is the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers? | Stratification |
| What occurs when rock is heated by nearby magma? | Contact Metamorphism |
| What type of metamorphism occurs when pressure builds up in rock that is buried deep below other rock formation, or when large pieces of the earth's crust collide? | Regional Metamorhpism |
| What are minerals that only form at a certain temperature and pressures and depths? | Index minerals |
| When mineral crystals change in size or change in composition during metamorphism. | Recrystallization |
| This principle states that gelogic processes that occured in the past can be explained by current geologic processes. | Uniformitarianism |
| What is paleontology? | The scientific study of fossils |
| Any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects. | Relative Dating |
| An ideal arrangement of rock layers in which the oldest rocks are at the bottom. | Geologic Column |
| What is a break in the geologic record created when rock layers are eroded or when sediment is not depositedfor a long period of time? | Uncomformity |
| What occurs when rock layers bend from earth's internal forces? | Folding |
| What is a break in the earth's crust? | A Fault |
| When does tilting occur? | When internal forces in the earth slant rock layers. |
| What is an intrusion? | Molten rock from the earth's interior that squeezes into existing rock. |
| What are three types of uncomfromities? | Disconformity, Noncomformity, and angular conformity |
| Any method of measuring the age of an event or object in years. | Absolute Dating |
| What is an atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons as the other atoms o the same element? | An isotope |
| This is the time neede for half of a sample of a radioactive substance to undergo radioactive decay. | Half-Life |
| The process in which a radioactive isotope tends to break down into a stable isotope of the same element or another atom. | Radioactive decay |
| The method of determining the age of an object by estimating the relative percentages of a radioactive isotope and a stable isotope. | Radiometric Dating |
| IF you use the Carbon-14 method to date a rock how old is the rock? | 50,000 years or younger |
| How old are rocks that are dated with the Potassium-Argon method? | Older than 100,000 years. |
| What two methods are used to date rocks older tahn 10 million years old. | Uranium-Lead and Rubidium-Strontium methods |
Created by:
dannyWoodhead
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