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Bio 1030 Final
Bio Final Exam Flashcards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genome | all genetic material in a cell |
| Cell division | -involves distribution of identical genetic material to daughter cells -results in genetically identical daughter cells |
| chromosomes | -DNA molecules are packaged in these. -Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of... -Humans have 46 - 23 from Mom, 23 from Dad |
| somatic cells | found in all cells but the sex cells - ovaries and testes |
| gametes | reproductive cells (sperm and egg) -23 chromosomes -half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -called haploid |
| chromatin | in non-dividing cells, a complex of DNA and associated protein molecule |
| sister chromatids | -duplicated chromosomes -held together by centrosomes |
| mitosis in somatic cells | -division of the cell nucleus -number of chromosomes is the same as the parents |
| Meoisis in somatic cells | -After mitosis, the chromosome number is halved -produces gametes |
| Cell cycle phases | G1: "first gap" growth phase 1 of cell S: synthesis of DNA G2:"second gap" growth phase 2, right before mitosis (46+46) M-mitosis 46 chromosomes Cytokinesis - cell divides |
| Prophase | -chromosomes condense -mitotic spindle begins to form |
| prometaphase | -each of the 2 sister chromatids has a kinetochore -microtubules attach to kinetochore |
| metaphase | -largest stage of mitosis -centrosomes are at opposite poles of the cells -chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate |
| anaphase | -shortest phase of mitosis -*sister chromatids seperate -cell elongates -At end of anaphase, the 2 cells have equivalent & complete collections of chromosomes |
| telophase | -two daughter nuclei form in the cell -nucleoli, reappears -chromosomes become less condensed |
| cytokinesis | -animal cells - cleavage -plant cells - cell plate |
| binary fission | "division in half" -alternate form of cell division -asexual reproduction of single celled eukaryotes -In eukaryotes, this includes mitosis -In prokaryotes, there is NO mitosis |
| Evolution of Mitosis | |
| checkpoint | In the cell cycle, a control point where stop & go signals can regulate the cycle -3 major checkpoints: G1, G2, M -OF a go signal is NOT received the cell will exit the cycle- switch to nondividing state, G0 |
| Cancer Cells | Cells that do not follow direction and have excessive cell division |
| Transformation | -conversion of a normal cell to a cancer cell |
| Benign Tumor | -abnormal cells stay at the site of origin -usually do not cause a problem |
| Malignant Tumor | -cancer cell -invasive -- enough to impair -the functions of one or more organs |
| Metastasis | -spread of cancer cells from site of origin to distant locations |
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LetsDoBio
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