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Chapter 55 Test
Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology, 12/9/11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integrates ecology (including behavior ecology), physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and evolutionary biology to conserve biological diversity at all levels | Conservation biology |
| Applies ecological principles in an effort to return degraded ecosystems to conditions as similar as possible to their natural, pre degraded state | Restoration ecology |
| The amount of human-altered land surface | Almost 50% |
| Amount of accessible surface fresh water humans use | Over half |
| Rate of species loss compared to in the past | 1,000x higher than any time in the past 100,000 years |
| Three main components of biodiversity | Genetic diversity, species diversity, and ecosystem diversity |
| Implications of human welfare through loss of genetic diversity | May lose genetic resources that could be potentially used to improve certain crop qualities, such as disease resistance, through plant breeding |
| Comprises individual genetic variation within and between populations | Genetic diversity |
| Much of the public discussion of the biodiversity crisis centers on this kind of diversity | Species diversity |
| The variety of species in an ecosystem or throughout the entire biosphere, what we call species richness | Species diversity |
| U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines this as one that as "in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range" | Endangered species |
| Defined for protection by the ESA, those that are considered likely to become endangered in the foreseeable future | Threatened species |
| According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), this amount of birds and mammals are threatened with extinction | Birds: 12% out of 10,000, mammals: 24% out of 5,000 |
| According to the Center for Plant Conservation, of the 20,000 known plant species, this many have become extinct/endangered or threatened | Extinct: 200, Endangered or threatened: 730 |
| Amount of freshwater fish that have become extinct or seriously threatened | 20% |
| About 200 out of 500 species of cichlids in this lake have been lost because of the introduction of the nonnative predator species, the Nile Perch (1960s) | East Africa's Lake Victoria |
| Amount of freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate species that have become extinct in North America since 1900 (freshwater fauna extinction rates are 5x higher than terrestrial animals) | 123 |
| According to SCIENCE, amount of amphibian species very near extinction or endangered | 32% |
| Means that a species is lost from ALL it's locales | Global Extinction |
| E.O Wilson calls thesse the Hundred Heartbeat Club, because there are fewer than 100 individuals remaining on earth | Philippine eagle, Chinese river dolphin, Javan rhinoceros |
| The variety of the biosphere's ecosystems | Ecosystem diversity |
| Ecosystem diversity, may help moderate the greenhouse effect by consuming massive quantities of CO2 for photosythesis and for building shells made of bicarbonate | Productive "pastures" of phytoplankton in the oceans |
| These ecosystems have been altered dramatically within a few centuries in the U.S. | Wetland and riparian (riverbank) ecosystems |
| Amount of wetlands that have been drained and converted to other ecosystems, primarily agricultural ones | 50% |
| Amount of riparian communities that have been destroyed by overgrazing, flood control, water diversions, lowering of water tables, and invasive plants in CA, AZ, and NM | 90% |
| According to E.O. Wilson, our sense of connection to nature and other forms of life | Biophilia |
| Former prime minister of Norway, said that "We must consider our planet to be on loan from our children, rather than being a gift from our ancestors" | G.H. Bruntland |
| Benefits of species and genetic diversity | Could potentially provide crops, fibers, and medicines for human use |
| Amount of prescriptions derived from plants | 25% |
| Grows on Madagascar and contains alkaloids that inhibit cancer cell growth (hodgkin's diseasa and childhood leukenia) | Rosy periwinkle |
| The gene-cloning technology based on an enzyme extracted from thermophilic prokaryotes from hot springs, "bioprospecting" | Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
| Encompass all the processes through which nautral ecosystems and the species they contain help sustain human life on earth | Ecosystem services |
| Estimated the dollar value of earth's ecosystem services at $33 trillion per year | Robert Costanza |
| Four major threats to biodiversity | Habitat destruction, introduced species, overexploitation, and disruption of "interaction networks" such as food webs |
| Greatest threat to biodiversity | Human alteration |
| What brings about destruction of habitats | Agriculture, urban development, forestry, mining, and pollution |
| IUCN states that this amount of species has becomeextinct, endangered, vulnerable, or rare | 73% |
| Amount of tropical dry forests that have been cleared in Central America and Mexico | 98% |
| Example of habitat fragmentation | Praries of north America |
| Invasive, nonnative, or exotic species that humans move, either intentionally or accidentally from the species native locartions to new geographic regions | Introduced species |
| Examples of introduced species | Brown tree snake, introduced to Guam in Cargo, Kudzu, thriving in SC, zebra mussel, European starling |
| Amount that introduced species contribute to extinctions | 40% |
| Refers generally to the human harvesting of wild plants or animals at rates exceeding the ability of populations of those species to rebound | Overexploitation |
| Especially succeptible to overexploitation | Elephants, whales, rhinoceroses, species with restricted habitats (ex. great auk, North Atlantic bluefin tuna |
| Example of disruption of intraction networks | Sea otter (keystone species), beavers (ecosystem engineer, native pollinators "flying foxes" (highly specialized relationship) on Samoan islands |
| Two main approaches to conservation | Small-population approach, declining-population approach |
| Inbreeding and genetic drift bring the population down this, toward smaller and smaller population size until no individuals exist | Exinction vortex |
| Key factor driving extinction vortex | Loss of genetic variation (inbreeding/genetic drift) |
| nOT IMPACTED BY LOSS OF GENETIC VARIATION | Northern elephant seals, lousewort, cord grass |
| Require large individual ranges, resulting in low population densities | Large predators |
| On it's way down the extinction vortex until rebounded throughgenetic variation | Greater prarie chicken |
| Minimal population size at which a species is able to sustain its numbers and survive | Minimum viable population (MVP) |
| Reasonably predicts a population's chances for survival, usually expressed as a specific probability of survival over a particular time | Population viability analysis (PVA) |
| Example of PVA | Case study on grizzly bears |
| Based on the breeding potential of the population | Effective population size, Ne |
| Equation for Ne | Ne=4NfNm/Nf+Nm, Nf/Nm=females and males that successfully breed |
| Conducted long-term study of grizzly bears (one of the first population viability analysises) | Mark Shaffer of Duke |
| Ne is this percent of the total population size | 25% |
| Focuses on threatened and endangered populations that show a doward trend, even if the population is far above minimum viable size | Declining-population approach |
| Emphasizes smallness itself as an ultimate cause of a population's extinction, especially through loss of genetic diversity | Small-population approach |
| Emphasizes the environmental factors that caused a population decline in the first place | Declining-population approach |
| Steps for analyzing declining populations declining and determining interventions | 1. Assess population trends 2. Study history 3. Develop hypothesis 4. Test most likely 5. Apply results |
| Example of how the declining-opopulation approach was applied to one endangered species | Red-Cockaded Woodpecker |
| Constructed cavities in pine trees | Carole Copeyon, Jeffrey Walters, Jay Carter |
| Goal is to understand past, present, and future patterns of landscape use and to make biodiversity conservation part of land-use planning | Landscape ecology |
| Bird that thrives in an edge community | Ruffed grouse |
| Thrives in edge community | White-tailed deer |
| Study suggested that forest edges may be important sites of speciation | Little greenbul (opposite is cowbird) |
| A narrow strip or series of small clumps of quality habitat connecting otherwise isolated patches | Movement corridor |
| Showed that habitat corridors facilitate te movement of disease-carrying ticks in northern Spain | Agustin Estrada-Pena |
| Amount of land used as resurves | 7% |
| a RELATIVELY SMALL AREA WITH AN EXCEPTIONAL CONENTRATION OF ENDEMIC SPECIES | bIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT |
| Area needed to sustain the grizzly | Biotic boundary |
| The actual area of the parks | Legal boundary |
| An extensive region of land that includes one or more areas undisturbed by humans surrounded by lands that hae been changed by human activity abd are used for economic gain | Zoned reserve |
| Said "The likelihood of long-term survival of a conserved wildland area is directly proportional to the economic health and stability of the society in which that wildland is embedded" | Daniel Janzen |
| Proposed the estabishment if marine reserves around the world that would be off limits to fishing | Gell and Roberts |
| Key strategies in restoration ecology | Bioremediation and augmentation of ecosystem processes |
| The use of living organisms, usually prokaryotes, fungi, or plants, to detoxify polluted ecosystems | Bioremediation |
| Cleans up oil spills on beaches | Bacteria Pseudomonas |
| Strategy for REMOVING harmful substances | Bioremediation |
| Uses organisms to ADD essential materials to a degraded ecosystem | Biological augmentation |
| Example of biological augmentation | Lugo used Albizzia procera to colonize roadside areas in Puerto Rico |
| The long-term prosperity of human societies and the ecosystems that support them | Sustainable development |
Created by:
AliRutherford
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