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Public Health- Carty
LECOM Public Health Dr. Carty Slides
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| proportion of people with disease correctly classified at positive (true positives) | TP / (TP + FN) |
| sensitivity | TP / (TP + FN) |
| proportion of well people correctly classified as negative (true negatives) | TN / (FP + TN) |
| specificity | TN / (FP + TN) |
| How can one acquire Salmonella, E. Coli O157, Campylobacter infection, Brucellosis, Q fever, Haverhill fever, Tick-borne encephalitis (when animal infected)? | consuming untreated milk, cream, yogurt, adn curd cheese |
| How can one acquire Q fever, tularemia, plague, anthrax? | unpasteurized bone meal |
| How can one acquire plague, tularemia, rabies? | skinning and butchering wild animals |
| How can one acquire Q fever, Streptococcal skin infection, Brucellosis, Skin infection (Erysipelothrix), Streptococcus suis systemic infections, Anthrax, Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (from ostriches)? | butchering farm animals |
| How can one acquire Toxoplasmosis, Trichinellosis (from pork), Pork or beef tapeworms, Salmonella, E.Coli O157, Campylobacter infection? | eating undercooked meat |
| How can one acquire leptospirosis? | ingestion or inoculation of animal urine |
| How could one acquire Tick-borne encephalitis, Borreliosis, Arboviral infection, Hantavirus infections? | forestry working in warm climates |
| How would one acquire Brucella melitensis? | unpasteurized goat cheese |
| How would one acquire Brucella suis? | slaughtering pigs |
| How would one acquire Brucella abortus? | raising beef |
| proportion of people who test positive who actually have the disease | positive predictive value |
| positive predictive value | [TP / (TP + FP)] |
| proportion of people who test negative who are actually free of disease | negative predictive value |
| negative predictive value | [TN / (FN + TN)] |
| What do Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis, Botulism (Clostridium botulinum toxin), Plague (Yersinia pestis), Smallpox (variola major), Tularemia (Francisella tularensis), and Viral hemorrhagic fevers have in common | Category A agents |
| Influenza, Community-acquired pneumonias, Urinary tract infection, Meningococcal disease, Sexually transmitted disease | diseases common worldwide |
| Sunburn, Heat exhaustion and heatstroke, Dermatophyte infections, Folliculitis, Cold injury, Altitude sickness | Diseases related to climate and environment |
| Hepatitis A, Hepatitis E, Viral gastroenteritis, Traveler's diarrhea, Bacterial food poisoning, Bacillary dysentery, Amoebiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, Helminth infection, HIV infection, STD, Diphtheria | diseases controllable by public health measures |
| Leptospirosis, Hookworms, Strongyloidiasis, Guinea worms, Liver flukes | diseases associated with contact with mud and water |
| Yellow fever, Dengue hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, Marburg fever, Ebola fever, Crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever | Viral Hemorrhagic fever |
| Dengue fever, Arboviral encephalitis, Rickettsial infection, Plague, Lyme disease, Malaria, Leishmaniasis, Trypanosomiasis, Filariasis, Onchocerciasis | Diseases with arthropod vector |
| criteria for fever of unknown origin | illness that has lasted 3 weeks, Fever of more than 38.3°C on several occasions, No diagnosis after routine work up for 3 days in hospital or after 3+ outpatient visits |
| HAI | Healthcare Associated infection |
| Dr. Semmelweis advocated | washing hands before birthing a child |
| Women used to die of “ChildBed Fever” aka… | Strep Pyogenes |
| Lister used this to sterilize equipment | carbolic acid |
| CDC estimates HAI’s cost this much per year | 30 billion |
| Most common HAI | UTI |
| 3 most common SERIOUS HAi illnesses | Surgical site infx, pneumonia, Bacteremia |
| Most common Gram + HAI bugs | Staph aureus, Coag negative Staph, Enterococci sp. |
| Most common Gram – HAI bugs | E. coli, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella |
| C. Diff Stain and 2 virulence factors | Gram + anaerobe, Spore former, Toxin producer |
| C. Dif risk factors | >65 yo, hospitalized and on ABX |
| C.Dif annual cost to healthcare | 3.2 billion |
| HAI Factor 1 | Antimicrobial use in Hospitals and Longterm Care facilities |
| Factor 1 results | VRE, MRSA, Multi-Drug resistant C. Diff |
| Fact 2 | Infection Control |
| How to improve Factor 2 | Better surveillance and reporting, better invasive devices, hand washing programs |
| Most Common mode of pathogen transmission | via hands |
| Factor 3: Patients are susceptible because they are | immune-compromised/suppressed |
| NHSN stands for | National Healthcare Safety Network |
| NHSN date organized in these 4 categories | Patient Safety, Healthcare personnel safety, Biovigilance, R&D |
| The Cause | Etiology |
| Number of cases resulting in illness/poor health | Morbidity |
| Number of cases resulting in Dealth | Mortality |
| Occurrence of disease greater than would be expected in a particular place &time (community) | outbreak |
| sudden and widespread outbreak of disease within population, group or specific area | epidemic |
| ongoing process of disease within population. group, or specific area | endemic |
| occurs over large geographic areas, possibly worldwide | pandemic |
| number of new cases of disease or injury in population during a specific time period | incidence |
| TOTAL number of cases of disease or injury in a population at a particular point in time or during a specific time period | prevalence |
| Who collects data to determine outbreaks vs epidemics vs pandemics | local and state health departments then CDC |
| Worldwide Agency that monitors EIDs | WHO |
| 2 most important population properties for disease spread | Density and susceptibility |
| Theorys how/why EIDs still exist | World travel, humans encroaching on undeveloped areas, immigration, poor human hygiene, over/mis-use of ABX, population growth |
| SARS: when it started & when reported | Nov. 2002 & Feb. 2003 |
| Biggest reason for dissemination | High Speed international travel |
| 1 person in a Hong Kong hotel infected how many people | 16 |
| SARS: causative agent and description | SARSCoV, coronavirus, + ssRNA, Large & Enveloped |
| SARS transmission | respiratory aerosol, infects nasal epithelial cells |
| What stopped SARs? | Quarantine , cooperation, collaboration, travel restrictions |
| Leading cause of death | heart disease then cancer |
| Neo, post neo-, infant high mortality | Other, then congenital then low birth weight |
| Mortality from 1-14yo | unintentional injuries, other, cancer |
| Most decreased cause of 1-14yo mortality from 97-07 | Unintentional injuries |
| Mortality 15-24yo | Unintentional injury, homicide, suicide |
| Mortality 25-44yo | Other, unintentional, cancer’ |
| Most decreased cause of 25-44yo mortality | Cancer and HIV |
| Mortality 45-64yo | Cancer, other, Heart Disease |
| Most decreased cause of 45-64yo mortality | Cancer and Heart disease |
| Mortality 65+ yo | Heart Disease, Other, Caner |
| Most decreased cause of 65+yo mortality | Heart disease |
| Age group in which cigarette smoking has declined | grade -12 |
| Childhood obesity rate | 1 in 5 |
| Adult obesity rate | 1 in 3 |
| Adult Obesity and overweight | 2 in 3 |
| Rates of serum cholesterol from 88-94 and 05-08 | Declined |
| Statin use in 45+yo has nearly | increased 10 fold |
| An increase in delay in seeking healthcare due to increased cost for these 2 type of Pts | uninsured & private insurance |
| From 99-09 % of working age adults with private insurance | decreased |
| From 99-09 % of working age adults who were uninsured | increased |
Created by:
csheck
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