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QuestionAnswer
Virus are NOT what? Living organisms
What two things do viruses NOT have that distinguish them from living organisms? Metabolism, reproductive function.
How do viruses "stay alive"? They inject their DNA into their host's
Compared to bacteria, yeast, etc., what is the size of viruses? VERY SMALL
When viruses live in bacteria, they are called what? Bacteriophages
What are three methods of viewing bacteria? Negative staining, positive staining, and shadow casting.
What is a naked virus? A virus with no envelope
What is an enveloped virus? A virus whose capsid is enveloped with spikes that serve as markers
What is a capsid? A protective outer shell that surrounds viral nucleic acid
What are capsids composed of? Capsomer subunits
What are the two types of capsids? Helical and icosahedral
What are the two types of helical capsids? Naked helical virus (tobacco mosaic) and enveloped helical virus (influenza, measles, rabies)
What is the purpose of an envelope? It is an extra protective mechanism
Helical capsids have what shaped capsomers? ROD-SHAPED
Helical capsids resemble what? A bracelet
Viruses have EITHER ______ or _______ but NOT BOTH. DNA, RNA.
Viral DNA affects what? Human DNA.
What is an icosahedral capsid? 3-20-12: A three-dimensional, 20-sided capsid with 12 evenly spaced corners
What are two clinically important examples of an icosahedral capsid? Polio (32 capsomers) and Adenovirus (240 capsomers)
Icosahedrons have multiple __________ to attach to receptors. SPIKES
Why do our cells like viruses? Because their nuclear envelope is comprised of LIPIDS!
What is the function of the capsid/envelope? PAS: Protect nucleic acid, assist in binding, stimulate hosts immune system
What are complex viruses? Neither icosahedral NOR helical
What are two clinically important examples of complex viruses? Pox and bacteriophages
What is the structure of the pox virus? Several lipoprotein layers and coarse surface fibrils
Describe a bacteriophage Polyhedral head, helical tail, attachment fibers (looks like the Toy Story creepy character!)
What are the three morphologies of viruses? Naked, enveloped, complex
Viruses have no genes for what? Metabolism
What are two clinically important enveloped, double-stranded viruses? Pox, herpes
What are two clinically important non-enveloped, double-stranded viruses? Adenovirus, papovaviruses
What are two clinically important non-enveloped, single-stranded viruses? Parvovirus
How does viral multiplication happen? APUSAR: Adsorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Synthesis, Assembly, Release
How do anti-viral drugs work? They BLOCK one of the APUSAR steps
What is synctia? When a virus destroys the nuclei of cells and they bundle together
Bacteriophages multiply how? PRP: Penetration (inject DNA), Release (lyses), Prophase (lysogeny)
What is lysogeny? When viral DNA joins bacterial DNA.
Name two in vivo methods Lab animals, embryonic bird tissues
Name two in vitro methods Cell culture, tissue culture
What are prions? Protein particles with no nucleic acid, no envelope, and no capsid
What two primary diseases do prions cause? MAD COW and Cruetzfeldt Jakob
What are satellite viruses? Those who are dependent on other viruses for replication
What are viroids? Plant pathogens
What is a virion? Nucleic acid surrounded by a capsid--infectious.
Reverse Transcriptase (RT) The enzyme possessed by retroviruses that turns RNA back to DNA
AZT (Azidothymidine) AIDS drug. Targets the synthesis stage.
What is a nucleocapsid? The close connection between the nucleus and the capsid.
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