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Microbiology
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Sterilization | The process of removing or destroying all microbial life on an object. |
| What is Commercial sterilization | is heat treament of canned foods to destroy C. botulinum endospores. |
| What is Disinfection | process of reducing or inhibiting microbial growth on a non living surface. |
| What is antisepsis | the process of reducing or inhibiting microoganisms on living tissue. |
| suffix -cide | means to kill |
| suffix - stat | means to inhibit |
| What is Sepsis | bacterial contamination |
| The Rate of Microbial Death | The number of microbes Environmental influences Time of exposure Microbial characteristics |
| What is Thermal death point | the lowest temperature at which all the microbes in a liquid culture will be killed in 10 mins. |
| What isThermal death time | the length of time required to kill all bacteria in a liquidculture at a given temperature. |
| What is Decimal reduction time | the length of time in which 90% of bacterial population will be killed at a given temperature. |
| What does Boiling do? | kills many vegetative cells and viruses |
| What is Autoclaving | (steam under pressure)is the most effective method of moist heat sterilization. The steam must directly contact the material to be sterilized. |
| High-temperature short time pasteurization (HTST) | to destroy pathogens without altering the flavor of food. |
| Ultra high temperature (UHT)is used for? | to sterilize dairy products |
| What are the Methods of dry heat sterilization. | direct flaming, incineration, and hot air sterilization. |
| What does dry heat do? | kills by oxidation |
| What isEquivalent treaments | are Different methods that produce the same effect (reduction in microbial growth) |
| What is Filtration | the passage of liquid or gas through a filter with pores small enough to retain microbes. |
| Microbes can be removed from air by? | high-efficiency particulate air filters |
| Membrane filters composed of nitrocellulose or cellulose acetate can filter out what? | Bacteria, viruses, and even large proteins |
| What does High pressure do? | denatures proteins in vegetative cells |
| What is desiccation? | In the absense of water, mircoorganisms cannot grow but can remain viable. |
| What can resist desiccation? | Viruses and endospores |
| What is osmotic pressure? | the use of high concentrations of salts and sugars to preserve food |
| What are capable to grow in materials in low moisture or high osmotic pressures? | molds and yeasts |
| The effects of radiation depends on what? | wavelength, intensity, and duration |
| What is Ionizing radiation? | (gamma rays, Xrays, and high energy electron beams)has a high degree of penetration and exerts its effect primarily by ionizing water and forming highly reactive hydroxyl radicals |
| What is ultraviolet radiation? | a form of nonionizing radiation, has low degree of pentration and causes cell damage by making thymine dimers in DNA that interfere with DNA replication; the most effective germicidal wavelength is 260nm |
| What can kill microbes indirectly as materials get hot? | Microwaves |
| What is Antiseptics? | chemical agents used on living tissues |
| What is disinfectants? | chemical agent used on inanimate objects |
| What are the principles of effective disinfection? | careful attention to the properties ans concentration of the disinfectant to be used |
| other principles of effective disinfection? | the presence of organic matter, degree of contact with microorganisms, and teperature |
| Three bacteria used in dilution test? | Salmonella choleraesuis, staphylococcus aureus, and pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
| What is the dilution test? | The method of determining the effecyiveness of a disinfectant using serial dilutions. |
| What is disk- diffusion? | A disk of filtered paper is soaked with a chemical an placed on an inoculated agar plate, a zone of inhibition indicates effectiveness. |
| What is phenol? | carbolic acid, to control surgical infections in OR |
| What is phenolics? | contain molecule of phenol that has been chemically altered to reduce its irritating qualities or increase its antibacterial activity in soap or detergent. |
| What is bisphenol? | A group of antimicrobial chemicals composed of two phenolic groups; includes triclosan (in antibacterial soaps) and hexachlorophene (in lotion used in hospitals) |
| What is biguanides? | A group of antimicrobial chemicals, including chlorhexidine, especially useful on skin and mucous membranes. |
| What is surface active agent? | any compund that decreases the tension between molcules lying on the surface of liquid; also called surfactant |
| sanitization | The removal of microbes from eating utensils and food preparation areas |
| iodophor | a complex of iodine and a detergent |
| degerming | the removal of microorganism in an area |
| aldehyde | an organic molecule with the fuctional group |
| thermoduric | heat resistant |
| tincture | a solution in aqueous alcohol |
| quaternary ammonium compound (quat) | A cationic detergent with four organic groups attached to a central nitrogen atom; used as a disinfectant |
| emulsification | the process of mixing two liquids that do not dissolve in each other |
| nitrosamine | a carcingen formed by the combination of nitrate and amino acids |
| oligodynamic action | the ability of small smounts of heavy metal compound to exert antimicrobial activity |
| biocide | a substance capable of killing microorganisms |
| peroxygen | a class of oxidizing-type sterilizing disinfectants. |
| halogen | one of the following elements: fluorine, clorine,bromine, iodine, or astatine |
| What are used in germicidals | silver, mercury, copper, and zinc |
| acid- anionic detergents | used to clean dairy products |
| Quats are most effective against? | gram positive bacteria |
| What does sorbic acid, benzoic acid, and propionic acid do? and are used | inhibit fungal metabolism and used as food preservatives |
| What prevents germination of clostridium botulinum on meats? | Nitrate and nitrite salts |
| What is Nisin and natamycin? | antibiotics used to preserve foods, especially cheese |
| What does aldehydes such as formaldehye and glutaraldehyde do? | inactivating proteins, most effective chemical disinfectants. |
| What gas is most frequently used for sterilization? | Ethlene oxide |
| What does Ethlene oxide do? | It penetrates most materials and kills all microorganisms by protein denaturation |
| Whats does ozone, peroxide, and peracetic acid used for? | antimicrobial agents, they exert their effect by oxidizing molecules inside cells |
| What are very resistant to disinfectants an antiseptics? | mycobacteria, endospores, and protozoan cysts and oocysts |
| what is resistant to disinfection and autoclaving? | Prions |
Created by:
emuhhlee
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