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ED Final Exam.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Topographic Maps | Show the shape of the land surface, elevation changes |
| Relief | Total change in elevation |
| Contours | Lines of equal elevation on a topographic map |
| Contour Interval | The change in elevation for each contour line, usually stated on the map |
| Faults | breaks in rocks along which some type of movement has occurred |
| Footwall | Downward sloping fault surface that you could stand on |
| Hanging Wall | the other side of the fault that you could "hang" a lantern on |
| Normal fault | Hanging wall moves downward |
| Reverse fault | Hanging wall moves upward |
| Strike-Slip faults | Lateral movement of faults (right lateral or left lateral) |
| Folds | Bending of rocks due to application of stress |
| Anticlines | Oldest rocks exposed in the middle (remember-arch) |
| Synclines | Youngest rocks exposed in the middle (remember-smile) |
| Strike | The orientation of a horizontal line on a rock bed |
| Dip | The angle at which this rock bed is inclined |
| Compression | Rocks are pushed together |
| Extension | Rocks are being pulled apart |
| Principle of Superposition | youngest rocks are deposited on top, oldest rocks are deposited on the bottom |
| Principle of Original Horizontality | rocks are deposited horizontally. if the rock beds are at an angle, tilting has occurred since deposition |
| Principle of Lateral Continuity | rocks are deposited over a large area |
| Principle of Cross Cutting Relationships | an intrusion or fault that cuts across a rock unit must be younger than the rocks that the intrusion/fault cut across |
| Principle of Inclusions | If there are sandstone pieces within a basalt dike, the sandstone is older. If there are pieces of basalt within the sandstone, the basalt is older |
| Principle of Faunal Succession | fossils can be used to determine the ages of rock units |
| Geologic Contact | location where two different rock types meet, or touch each other |
| Depositional contact | a conformable contact where rocks are continuously deposited w/o any missing time |
| Unconformities | surface of non-deposition or erosion, representing missing time in the rock |
| Non conformity | older igneous/metamorphic and younger sedimentary rock on top |
| Angular Unconformity | separates tilted rocks from horizontal rocks |
| Disconformity | rock layers are deposited parallel (horizontally) but there is missing time in rock (gap) |
| Half-life | the time it takes for half of the parent atoms in a sample to decay to stable daughter atoms |
| Determining Half-life | the number of half lives elapsed is multiplied by the actual time of half life for the particular radioactive pair that is being used |
| Focus | where the earthquake actually begins by faulting beneath the surface |
| Epicenter | the point on the ground surface above the focus |
| P Waves (primary) | travels faster, compressional waves |
| S Waves | travels slower, oscillation (up & down) movement |
| Surface waves | travel along the surface of the earth, most destructive of 3 types |
| Richter scale | used to describe the intensity of the earthquake (need 3 stations, higher the amplitude the more the energy, the closer the P&S waves the closer the station) |
| Surface water | water that is on the surface of the earth such as lakes and rivers |
| Groundwater | water that is beneath the surface |
| Aquifer | underground rock or sediments that contains water that can be pumped easily |
| Porosity | the amount of gaps or pores in the rock, allowing for water to flow |
| Permeability | how easily water flows through the rock |
| Unconfined aquifer | water is not under pressure, water table height can fluctuate |
| Confined aquifer | water is under pressure, volume does not change |
| Perched aquifer | water body which is trapped above the normal water table |
| Artesian aquifer | when the potentiometric surface is higher in elevation than the ground surface, water under pressure that rises about the ground surface without pumping |
| Potentiometric surface | the elevation that water will naturally rise to in a monitor well based on the water pressure |
Created by:
Lnelso10
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