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Ch 23 - Unit 4
Micro ch. 23
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Urinary tract | removes substances from the blood, regulates certain body processes, and forms urine and transports it out of the body; includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra |
| Defenses of GU tract | flushing action of urine, desquamation of the epithelial cells; acidity of urine; antibacterial proteins in urine; secretory IgA |
| Male reproductive system defenses | flushing action of urine |
| Defenses of female reproductive system | mucous with secretory IgA antibodies during childhood/menopause; during reproductive years, changes in pH |
| Normal biota of Urinary tract | outer region of urethra harbors some normal biota; nonhemolytic streptocci, staphylocci, corynebacteria, some lactobacilli |
| Normal biota of male genital tract | same as urethra; nonhemolytic streptocci, staphylocci, corynebacteria, some lactobacilli |
| Normal biota of female genital tract | harbors a normal population of microbes; lactobacillusi species, candida albicans at low levels |
| Urinary tract infections (UTIs) | reduced urine flow, accidental introduction of bacteria in bladder can cause infection |
| Urinary tract infection (UTI) | infection that can involve any portion of urinary tract |
| Cystitis | common bladder inflammation; E. coli is most common cause |
| Urethritis | inflammation of the urethra; any possible organisms |
| Pyelonephritis | kidney infections; E. coli is most common cause |
| Leptospirosis | zoonosis associated w/ wild/domestic animals; Leptospira interrogans; enters through skin, 2 phases early (letpospiremic) and second (immune phase); can affect the kidneys, liver, brain, and eyes; shed into environment through animal urine |
| Urinary Schistosomiasis | Schistosoma haematobium lodges in blood vessels of bladder; itchiness in the area where the worm enters the body; urinary tract symptoms occur later which may include blood in the urine and bladder obstruction; can be asymptomatic |
| Escherichia coli | What is the leading cause of cystitis in the general population? |
| Three broad categories of sexually transmitted diseases | Discharge diseases, ulcer diseases, wart diseases |
| Vaginitis and Vaginosis | Inflammation of the vagina; vaginal itching to some degree, burning and sometimes a discharge occurs; symptoms depend on the etiologic agent |
| Vaginitis | caused by candida albicans (normal biota in low numbers); dimorphic yeast, opportunistic pathogen; antibiotic resistant; overgrowth in absence of competition |
| Vaginosis | infection of gardnerella; inflammation does not occur; vaginal discharge with fishy odor, especially after sex; itching common |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | STD; flagellated protist with no cyst form; many people are asymptomatically infected |
| Prostatitis | inflammation of prostate gland due to GI tract biota; acute or chronic; pain in pelvic area, frequent urge to urinate and painful ejaculation |
| Vaginitis | the presence of yeast cells is most indicative of what disease? |
| Gonorrhea | caused by Neisseria gonorrhea; STD of gram negative diplococci; painful urination, discharge, can spread from urethra to prostate in males, cause pelvic inflammatory disease in females; can render men infertile due to scar tissue |
| Chlamydia | caused by Chlamydia trachomatis; intracellular parasite; most common reportable infectious disease in U.S.; most cases asymptomatic; male inflammation of urethra, symptoms mimic gonorrhea; untreated, epididymitis; females cervicitis, may lead to PID |
| Chlamydia | certain strains can invade lymph tissues resulting in lymphogranuloma venerum; babies born to infected mothers can develop eye infections, pneumonia |
| Genital Ulcer Diseases | 3 common infectious conditions resulting in lesions on a person’s genitals; syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes; having one of these diseases increases the chances of infection with HIV because of the open lesions |
| Syphilis | caused by Treponema pallidum; 3 stages (primary, secondary, tertiary); latent periods of varying duration; transmissible during primary & secondary stages, early latency b/t secondary & tertiary; largely nontransmissible during late latent & tertiary |
| Primary Syphilis | hard chancre at site of pathogen entry(after incubation of 9 days to 3 months); lymph nodes in affected region become enlarged, firm; chancre filled with spirochetes; chancre heals spontaneously in 3 - 6 wks; by then spirochete has moved into circulation |
| Secondary Syphilis | syphilis stage; 3 weeks to 6 months after infection; skin rash, spirochete present, loss of hair, malaise, mild fever |
| Tertiary syphilis | latent period of syphilis; up to 20 years; antibodies present; rare today; t-cell immunity and gummas (rubbery mass) |
| Congenital syphilis | occurs when spirochete crosses the placenta; results in stillbirths, snuffles, Hutchinson’s teeth |
| Chancroid | caused by pleomorphic Haemophilus ducreyi; no system wide effects; usually begins as soft papule at point of contact; develops into soft chancre; inguinal lymph nodes become swollen and tender |
| Tertiary | what stage of syphilis is associated with gummas? |
| Genital herpes | caused by herpes simplex virus; multiple presentations; can have recurrent episodes after initial infection; very destructive (or fatal) in neonate and fetus |
| HSV1 | herpes virus of mouth and face (cold sores, fever blisters) |
| HSV2 | herpes virus of genital tract |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) | causative agent of genital warts; individual can be infected without warts, though; over 100 types; Gardasil vaccine |
| Molluscum contagiosum | unclassified virus in pox family; can take form of skin lesions; wartlike growths on mucous membranes or skin of genital area |
| Group B Streptococcus “Colonization”- Neonatal Disease | 10% to 40% of women in U.S. colonized asymptomatically; when pregnant, about half of their infants become colonized during passage through birth canal; Small percentage of infected infants have life-threatening blood infections, meningitis, or pneumonia |
| Acyclovir | which of these would be most effective to treat a severe HSV 2 eruption? |
Created by:
michellerogers
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