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Ch 22 - Unit 4
Micro ch. 22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Gastrointestinal Tract | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus; accessory organs salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; also known as digestive tract or alimentary canal |
| GI tract | an internal tube (lumen) that passes through the body; only chemicals absorbed through the tube actually gain entrance to the internal portions of the body |
| Gastrointestinal Defenses | Mucus, Peristalsis, HCl, Bile acids, Digestive enzymes, GALT tissues (tonsils, appendix, adenoids), IgA |
| Normal biota of GI tract | large variety of biota; mouth has >550 kinds; streptococci, gram neg anaerobes; esophagus and stomach more sparsely populated; intestine has tons |
| Tooth and Gum Infections | left undisturbed, normal biota biofilm eventually contains anaerobic bacteria that can damage the soft tissues and bones (periodontium) surrounding teeth; introduction of carbohydrates to the oral cavity can result in breakdown of dentition |
| Dental Caries (Tooth Decay) | caused by streptococcus mutans; makes sticky polymers (glucan/fructan); most common infectious disease of humans; often not noticeable, range from minor disruption to complete destruction of enamel and deeper layers; can lead to toothache |
| Periodontitis | gingivitis initial stage; increases size of pockets b/t tooth and gingival and can cause bone resorption enough to loosen and lose the tooth |
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis and Periodontitis | Most destructive periodontal diseases; synergistic infections of Treponema vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, & Fusobacterium species; rapid advancement into the periodontal tissues; severe pain, bleeding, pseudomembrane formation, and necrosis |
| Mumps | Paramyxovirus; Inflammation of salivary glands followed by invasion of other organs, testes, ovaries, thyroid gland, pancreas, meninges, heart, & kidneys; swelling and discomfort; MMR vaccine for prevention; Incubation period 2o to 3 weeks; syncytia |
| Helicobacter pylori | thrives in acidic environment of stomach; linked to a variety of gastrointestinal ailments; Long-term infection might be a contributing factor to stomach cancer; produces urease, buffers environment; inhibited with bismuth; treated with antibiotics |
| Gastritis | sharp or burning pain emanating from the abdomen |
| Gastric ulcers | actual lesions in the mucosa of the stomach |
| Duodenal ulcer | lesion in the uppermost portion of the small intestine |
| Acute Diarrhea | In the U.S., up to a third of all cases transmitted by contaminated food; most cases are self-limiting and do not require treatment, though some can be devastating |
| Salmonellosis | acute diarrhea caused by salmonella; can be severe (septicemia) or mild (NVD & mucosal irritation); symptoms usually spontaneously subside after 2 to 5 days; pili adhere to GI tract; animal product contamination; epidemic outbreaks from point sources |
| Typhoid fever | acute diarrhea by salmonella typhi; fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain; the bacterium infiltrates the mesenteric lymph nodes and the phagocytes of the liver and spleen; progressive and invasive that leads eventually to septicemia |
| Shigella acute diarrhea | causes most severe form of dysentery (bloody stools); uncommon in US; frequent watery stools, intense ab pain; NVD symptoms |
| Shigella toxins | Shiga (A-B toxin; intense inflammation; bleeding, ulceration; enterotoxin damages the mucosa; endotoxin causes fever |
| Acute Diarrhea Caused by E.coli O157 | H7 (EHEC) |
| Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) | Traveler’s diarrhea; voluminous watery diarrhea; A-B toxin like cholera; Heat-stable toxin |
| Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) | Diarrhea with pus; Similar to Shigella; No toxin production |
| Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) | Profuse, watery diarrhea; Fever and vomiting also common; produce effacement of gut surfaces |
| Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) | Can cause chronic diarrhea in young children and in AIDS patients |
| Campylobacter jejuni | Most common bacterial cause of diarrhea in the U.S.; Frequent watery stools, fever, vomiting, headaches, and severe abdominal pain; Symptoms may last beyond 2 weeks; Symptoms may subside then recur over a period of weeks |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) | caused by campylobacter jejuni; acute paralysis, autoimmune reaction |
| EHEC | After eating a poorly cooked hamburger, a child experienced bloody diarrhea with cramping and later developed HUS. What type of E. coli is most likely involved? |
| Yersinia species (Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis | uncommon in US; causes inflammation of ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes; gives rise to severe abdominal pain; infection usually spreads to bloodstream |
| Clostridium difficile | Causes pseudomembranous colitis; major cause of diarrhea in hospitals; able to superinfect the large intestine when drugs have disrupted the normal biota; produces enterotoxins (toxins A and B) that cause areas of necrosis in the wall of the intestine |
| Clostridium difficile | Normal intestinal microbiota; antibiotic resistant; over-growth during chemotherapy; toxin-mediated damage; pseudomembranes |
| Vibrio cholera | Incubation period of a few hours to a few days; Symptoms begin abruptly with vomiting; Followed by copious watery feces called secretory diarrhea; Can lose up to 1 liter of fluid an hour in severe cases |
| Vibrio cholera | transmitted in contaminated water; toxin is A-B enterotoxin; secretion of water/electrolytes into lumen; rice-water stools; severe dehydration; oral rehydration therapy |
| Cryptosporidium | Headache, sweating, vomiting, severe abdominal cramps, and diarrhea; in AIDS patients may develop into chronic persistent cryptosporidial diarrhea |
| Cryptosporidium | Protozoa; zoonotic disease; transmitted via ingestion of oocysts; chlorine resistance; may cause chronic infections in AIDS |
| Rotavirus | cause of gastroenteritis; damaged intestinal epithelium; water diarrhea with fever/nausea; spread via fecal oral route primarily in children |
| Noroviruses | “Norwalk like viruses;” gastroenteritis; fecal oral route of transmission; NVD with cramps; primarily affects adults with epidemic outbreaks in schools, cruise ships |
| Food Poisoning (acute diarrhea with vomiting) | symptoms in gut are caused by preformed toxin; no infection need be present; if symptoms of diarrhea are violent, incubation period is short, intoxication rather than infection s/b considered |
| Staphylococcus aureus exotoxin food poisoning | associated with contaminated food left unrefrigerated; heating will not prevent disease (heat stable toxin); rapid onset and rapid recovery |
| Bacillus cereus exotoxin food poisoning | two exotoxins—diarrheal type and emetic; type of disease influenced by type of food; emetic linked to fried rice; diarrheal form associated w/ meats and vegetables |
| Clostridum perfringens Exotoxin food poisoning | contracted from meat/veggies not cooked thoroughly enough to destroy endospores; quick onset, rapid recovery |
| Chronic diarrhea | lasting longer than 14 days; infectious or noninfectious; AIDS patients suffer from it due to opportunistic infections; several microbes can be responsible |
| Chronic Diarrhea by Enteroaggregative E. Coli (EAEC) | Adheres to human cells in aggregates rather than as single cells; stimulates large amounts of mucus in the gut |
| Chronic Diarrhea by Cyclospora | Incubation period of about 1 week; watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, bloating, fever, and muscle aches; if prolonged, also experience anorexia and weight loss |
| Chronic Diarrhea by Giardia | Protozoa; diarrhea of long duration, abdominal pain, and flatulence; stools have a greasy, malodorous quality; fever usually not present |
| Chronic Diarrhea by Entamoeba | Intestinal targets; secretes enzymes that dissolve tissues, leaves erosive ulcerations as it penetrates deeper layer of mucosa; can also manifest hemorrhage, perforation, appendicitis, and amoebomas; Extraintestinal target is the liver |
| Amoebic Dysentery | Entamoeba histolytica; ingestion of cysts; trophozoites attach, cause invasive colitis; bloody mucoid stools, complications from perforated colon |
| Clostridium difficile | An elderly patient underwent surgery for an artificial hip. He was given a large dose of antibiotic prophylactically and later developed a severe colitis. What microbe is most likely involved? |
| Hepatitis | Inflammatory disease marked by necrosis of hepatocytes and a mononuclear response that swells and disrupts the liver architecture; occurs when certain viruses infect the liver; causes jaundice when bilirubin accumulates in the blood and tissues |
| Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) | In general, far milder and shorter term than the other forms; either subclinical or vague, flulike symptoms; in some cases, may include jaundice and swollen liver; darkened urine often seen; not oncogenic; complete uncomplicated recovery |
| Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) | transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids; may have rashes, arthritis; can be serious and life-threatening; some patients develop glomerulonephritis & arterial inflammation; complete liver regeneration and restored function occur in most patients |
| Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) | “silent epidemic”; blood transmission; takes many years to cause noticeable symptoms; shares many symptoms of HBV but is more likely to become chronic; cancer may also result |
Created by:
michellerogers
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