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Oceans. Chapter 12
Oceanography- MU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The benthic environment between 4,000 and 6,000 meters (13,000 and 20,000 feet)in depth | Abyssal Zone |
| A zone without light; the ocean is generally in this state below 1,000 meters (3280 feet) | Aphotic Zone |
| The benthic environment between the depths of 200 and 4,000 meters (660 and 13,000 feet); it includes mainly the continental slope and the oceanic ridges and rises | Bathyal Zone |
| The pelagic environment between the depths of 1,000 and 4,000 meters (3,300 and 13,000 feet) | Bathypelagic Zone |
| Light originally produced by a chemical reaction; found in bacteria, phytoplankton, and various fishes (especially deep-sea fish) | Bioluminescence |
| Protective coloration in an animal or insect, characterized by darker coloring on areas exposed to light and lighter coloring of areas that are normally shaded | Countershading |
| A process by which fluids move through other fluids by random molecular movement from areas of high concentration to areas in which they are in lower concentrations | Diffusion |
| The dimly lit zone, corresponding approximately to the mesopelagic, in which there is not enough light to support photosynthetic organisms (it is sometimes referred to as the twilight zone) | Disphotic Zone |
| A subdivision of the oceanic province that extends from the surface to a depth of 200 meters (660 feet) | Epipelagic Zone |
| Pertaining to the deepest ocean benthic environment, specifically that of ocean trenches deeper than 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) | Hadal Zone |
| Pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having a higher osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur | Hypertonic |
| Pertaining to the property of an aqueous solution having lower osmotic pressure (salinity) than another aqueous solution from which it is separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur. | Hypotonic |
| Pertaining to the property of having equal osmotic pressure; If to such fluids were separated by a semipermeable membrane that will allow osmosis to occur, there would be no net transfer of water molecules across the membrane | Isotonic |
| That portion of the oceanic province 200 to 1000 meters (660 to 3300 feet) deep; corresponds approximately with the disphotic (twilight zone) | Mesopelagic Zone |
| The open ocean environment, which is divided into the neritic province (water depth 0 to 200 meters or 656 feet) and the oceanic province (water depth greater than 200 meters or 656 feet) | Pelagic Environment |
| Passively drifting or weakly swimming organisms that are not independent of currents; latin for wandering; floaters | Plankton |
| The shaping of a object so it produces the minimum of turbulence while moving through a fluid medium | Streamlining |
| A property of a substance to offer resistance to flow caused by internal friction | Viscosity |
| Planktonic for all of their life; live in planktonic existence from birth through adulthood | Holoplankton |
| Planktonic for only part of life; live planktonic existence only a portion of their life | Meroplankton |
| Swimmers; all animals capable of moving independently of ocean currents; most abundant near continents; include: fish squid marine mammals and reptiles | Nekton |
| Bottom dwellers; divided into two groups, one group is Epifauna and the other group is Infauna | Benthos |
| Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genius Species | Genetics (Taxonomics) |
| Where it lives and how it moves is called | Ecology |
| Produces its own food by photosynthesis | Autotrophic |
| Very small (0.5 too 100 microns); All are autotrophic; motile or non-motile; forms the base of food chain in the ocean; absorb light using pigments | Phytoplankton |
| Some are small (microns), some are large (meters); dominant herbivore in ocean; heterotrophic; motile; feed on phytoplankton or on other of its own kind; examples: copepod, Anartic Krill, Peteropod, Crab Larvae, Protist Flagellates, Jellyfish | Zooplankton |
| Consumes food produced by others | Heterotrophic |
| Low biomass | Oligotrophic |
| High biomass (coastal oceans tend to be this) | Eutrophic |
| Pelagic and Benthic; Species number 10's of thousands; Photosynthetic eukaryote; have glass cell walls (silica-hydrated); size 2µm to 2mm; not motile | Diatom |
| found mostly where there has been very high biological production | Diatom Siliceous Ooze |
| Causes in Humans: short term memory loss brain damage death Causes in other animals: disorientation dizziness seizures death marine mammal strandings | Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning |
| Single celled; sometimes grows in colonies; size about 50 micrometers; photosynthetic (and heterotrophic) eukaryote; bioluminescent; motile by means of flagellum; grow in calm environment | Dinoflagellates |
| Dinoflagellates can produce toxins causing | Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) |
| East and West coasts of North America; saxotoxin | Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) |
| Subtropical, tropical reefs; Caribbean; Ciguatoxin is found in over 400 species of reef fish; Dinoflagellate attaches to seaweeds and then fish eat seaweeds | Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP) |
| Large accumulation of Dinoflagellates so large of an accumulation that the red pigments in the dinoflagellates can be seen easily in ocean | Red Tides |
| Single-celled, solitary; photosynthetic eukaryote; Typical size is about 5 micrometers; grow in calm environments; have a CaCO3 cell wall; affected by ocean acidification; (White Cliffs of Dover made of their plates) | Coccolithophores |
| Single-celled, solitary; photosynthetic; Monera; Typical size about 0.2-2 micrometers; non-motile; grow in calm environments; sink extremely slowly; most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth | Bacterioplankton |
| communities of organisms living near hydrothermal vents at mid-ocean ridge; disconnected from photosynthetic food chain | Hydrothermal Vent Communities |
| Large size up to 100mm length; Omniverous; fished by some countries as fish food and some human consumption; important in high latitude ecosystems; keystone species in the artic | Crustacea-Euphausids ("krill") |
| Contains two groups: 1)Hydrozoans- portuguese man-of-war and 2)Scyphozoans- ("jellyfish") | Cnidarians-Gelatinous |
| Environments that are highly variable tend to promote the development of high species diversity; because land has such a large range in temperature more life can adapt to live in different environments | Reason for few Marine Species |
| Upper 200 meters; tons of oxygen; lots of sunlight (photosynthesis); depleted in nutrients; euphotic zone | Epipelagic |
| 200 meters to 1000 meters; a little sunlight; respiration; plenty of nutrients but little sunlight; upwelling; bioluminescence; disphotic zone | Mesopelagic |
| 1000 meters to bottom; 75% of living space in ocean is here; oxygen rich; no light; bioluminescence; aphotic zone | Bathypelagic and Abyssalpelagic |
| The amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next; 10% in the ocean ecosystem | Gross Ecological Efficiency (GEE) |
| A simple linear relationship expressing energy flow | Food Chain |
| More complex with multiple energy pathways | Food Web |
| 35.6%; Most fish caught here | Non-Tropical Shelves |
| 20.9% of fish caught here | Upwellings |
| 21.0% of fish caught here | Tropical Shelves |
| 18.7% of fish caught here | Coastal and Coral |
| 8%; least amount of fish caught here | Open Ocean |
| The amount of standing stock (i.e. biomass) that can be removed each year and still maintain a substantial, viable fishery | Maximal Sustainable Yield |
| When harvesting of fish stocks occurs so rapidly that it leaves behind a sexually immature stock that cannot sustain itself | Overfishing |
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