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Ch 20 - Unit 4
Micro ch. 20
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system | heart, arteries, capillaries, veins; moves blood in closed circuit; carries O2 and nutrients to tissues and carries CO2 and waste products away |
| Lymphatic system | lymph vessels, lymph nodes; collects fluid that has left blood vessels; filters impurities, fights infectious agents |
| Defenses of cardiovascular system | CV system is highly protected since it is a closed system; but if microbes to invade they gain access to every part of the body; defenses include leukocytes |
| Systemic infections | bloodstream infections; often end with suffix –emia |
| Viremia | presence of viruses in blood |
| Bacteremia | presence of bacteria in blood |
| Fungemia | presence of fungi in blood |
| Septicemia | bacteria growing in blood |
| Septic shock | excessive immune response, cytokine storm, hemodynamic collapse |
| Normal biota of CV and Lymphatic systems | some microorganisms may be present transiently but to do not colonize systems in the healthy state; so no normal biota present |
| Endocarditis | inflammation of the endocardium; usually infection of valves of the heart; acute and subacute; symptoms can be similar to heart attack; may have enlarged spleen subacutely; caused by S. aureus and S. pneumonia |
| Septicemias | occurs when organisms are actively multiplying in blood; caused by many different bacteria and a few fungi; pt. will have fever, appear very ill, altered mental state, shaking chills, GI symptoms, low BP, increased breathing rate and respiratory alkalosis |
| Bacteremia | after going to the dentist for a cleaning, Fusobacterium nucleatum is detected in patient’s blood. This would best be termed ________. |
| Plague | caused by Yersinia pestis; pandemics aka Black Death; 3 possible manifestations (pneumonic, bubonic, speticemic) |
| Pneumonic plague | respiratory manifestation of plague |
| Bubonic plague | bacterium injected via flea bite; microorganism enters lymph and filtered by lymph node; infection causes inflammation and necrosis of node; results in swollen bubo in groin or axilla |
| Septicemic plague | manifestation of plague in which it progresses to massive bacterial growth in blood |
| Yersinia pestis plague | rapid death; can result from travel to endemic areas, so pt history is important; diagnosed with gram stain of bubo aspirate; responsive to several antibiotics, no vaccine |
| Tularemia | “rabbit fever” caused by Francisella tularensis intracellular parasite; highly infectious; transmitted via skin breaks, tick bites; spreads systemically; can be fatal but responds to aminoglycosides |
| Lyme disease | caused by Borrelia burgdorferi; vector is tick; rodents are reservoir; causes bull’s eye rash; antigenic switching makes it hard to treat; autoimmune response causes arthritic, cardiac, and neurological symptoms |
| Infectious mononucleosis | majority caused by Epstein Barr virus; remainder caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | what is the causative agent of Lyme disease? |
| Yellow fever | Hemorrhagic Fever Disease; (Central America); Mosquitoes and monkeys; Disrupts clotting |
| Dengue fever | Hemorrhagic Fever Disease; (Asia, Central America); Mosquitoes; Can be mild infection or “break bone fever” |
| Chikungya (Africa) | Hemorrhagic Fever Disease; Mosquitos; “that which breaks bones”; Arthritic stance |
| Ebola and Marburg (Africa) | Hemorrhagic Fever Disease; Transmission unknown; Severe hemorrhage; Mortality- 25-100% |
| Lassa fever | Hemorrhagic Fever Disease; (Africa) 20% asymptomatic; Can develop severe hemorrhage; Rodent droppings |
| Nonhemorrhagic Fevers | High fever; Lacking hemorrhage and capillary fragility associated with hemorrhagic fevers; Brucellosis , Q fever, Cat-scratch disease, Trench Fever, HGA and HME, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
| Brucellosis | caused by Brucella abortus; “Bang’s disease”; Zoonotic disease that enters through breaks in the skin; Causes a long-term fluctuating fever |
| Q fever | Coxiella burnetii; Q = “query”; Gram negative rods, Endospore structures, Transmitted to humans by inhalation, Sudden onset of fever, chills and body aches |
| Cat-scratch disease | Symptoms start after 1 to 2 weeks; caused by Bartonella henselae; Cluster of small papules at the site of inoculation, followed by lymph nodes swell and can become pus-filled; Only about 1/3 of patients experience high fever |
| Trench fever | caused by Bartonella Quintana; Carried by lice, common in soldiers; Highly variable symptoms include 5- to 6-day fever, Leg pains, especially in the tibial region, Headache, chills, and muscle aches; Macular rash can occur, Endocarditis can develop |
| Q fever | which of the following is a bacterial disease? |
| Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) and Human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME) | Tick-borne, fever-producing diseases; Similar signs and symptoms; Acute febrile state, Headache, muscle pain, and rigors |
| Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) | caused by Rickettsia rickettsia, Obligate intracellular parasite; 2-4 day incubation; prevalent in SE U.S.; spotted rash within 2-4 days after prodrome; enlarged lesions merge, become necrotic In severe untreated cases; can lead to CV probs and coma |
| Tennessee | which state has highest incidence of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? |
| Malaria | caused by Plasmodium falciparum & Plasmodium vivax; mosquito vector; Endemic equatorially w/ 300-500 million cases, 2 million fatalities; Fought primarily by vector control, Cloroquine |
| Malaria | The world’s dominant protozoan disease; 10- to 16-day incubation period; Symptoms occur at 48- or 72-hour intervals; the interval, length, and regularity of symptoms reflect the type |
| Anthrax | via Bacillus anthracis; Animal reservoirs; Can affect various locations, Cutaneous and pulmonary infections most common; Polypeptide capsule; has been used as a biological warfare agent |
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Hybrid virus- genetic sequences from two separate monkey SIVs; Enveloped RNA virus; Retrovirus (Reverse transcriptase); Binds to CD4 cells, Helper T cells, Macrophage |
| Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | Spectrum of clinical disease associated with HIV infection; Symptoms directly tied to level of virus in the blood and the level of T cells in the blood |
| HIV/AIDS Symptoms | Initial infection vague, mononucleosis-like symptoms that disappear (initial high levels of virus); within days, about 50% of T helper cells with memory for the virus are destroyed; Period of asymptomatic infection that varies in length from 2 to 15 years |
| HIV routes of transmission | direct contact i.e. sexual intercourse, blood products, IV drug use; can cross placenta during pregnancy; also via breast milk |
| Leukemia | general name for at least 4 different malignant diseases of WBC forming elements originating in bone marrow; Some acute, others chronic; Many causes- two of which are thought to be viral; Adult T-cell leukemia by HTLV-I and Hairy-cell leukemia by HTLV-II |
| Reverse transcriptase, Protease, Integrase | what enzymes are important for HIV replication? |
Created by:
michellerogers
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