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Drugs and Behavior
Pharmacology
Terms | Definition |
---|---|
Modern Neuropharmacology | •Basic Science: -Use of drugs to understand the brain •Biomedical Science: -Cure and treatment of mental disorders –Understanding addiction –Cognitive enhancers •Behavioral Pharmacology has applications to all |
Drug Delivery | Dose vs Dosage Acute vs chronic Routes of Delivery |
Blood Brain Barrier | Body capillaries: large gaps, drugs pass freely Brain Capillaries: dense, walled structure, surrounded by glial cells |
Research Methods | •Immunocytochemistry •In situ hybridization •Microiontophoresis •Molecular analysis •Receptor binding (Immuno, Autoradiography) •Behavioral pharmacology •Epidemiology |
Neurotransmitters Amino Acids | •(GABA, Glutamate (Glu), Glycine(Gly) •Excitatory vs Inhibitory •Receptor subtypes •GABA and inhibition •Excitotoxicity •Dale’s principle |
Neurotransmitters Amines | •Ach,NE,Epinephrine,Dopamine,Histomine, 5-HT •Receptor subtypes •Diffuse modulatory effects: Core, small set of neurons, Widespread terminations, Diffusion out of synaptic cleft •modulate other transmitters in both directions |
Neurotransmitters Neuropeptides | •Peptide Hormones: Oxytocin, SubsP, CCK, Vasopressin, Neuropeptide Y, Hypothalamic releasing hormones •Opiate Peptides: Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins |
Neuropeptide Characteristics | •Neuropeptide transmitters colocalize with each other and with amine and amino acid neurotransmitters •synthesized in the nucleus and transported to the terminals •Stored in secretory granules instead of synaptic vesicles |
Precursors and Enzymes: Ach | –Acetyl CoA –Choline –Chat –Acetyl cholinesterase |
Precursors and Enzymes: Serotonin | –Tryptophan –Tryptophan hydroxylase –5HTP –Dopa-L-decarboxylase –MAO |
Neurotranmitter Criteria | •Exists in presynaptic terminals •Presynaptically synthesis •Released because of action potential •Postsynaptic membrane has receptors •Synapse stimulation produces response •Blockade of release shuts down or substantially alters synaptic function. |
Basal Forebrain Projections | •Septohippocampal •Septocortical •Septoamygdala •Midbrain projection to the thalamus |
Definitions | •Selectivity •Specificity •Potency •Affinity •Addiction •Dependence •Tolerance •Insensitivity |
Law of Mass Action | D + R <-> DR |
Definition of Doses | •ED50: Median Effective Dose •LD50: Median Lethal Dose •CD50: Median Convulsive Dose •KD50: Measure of affinity |
Drug Abuse: Cannabinoids | Cannabinoid receptors are widely distributed in the brain especially in the motor control pathways, hippocampus, and cortex |
CNS Depressants | •Include alcohol, barbituates and barbituate like substances, and anxiolytics(benzodiazepines) •Used to treat sleep disorders, pain, anxiety •Can cause physical dependence. •Brain effects are primarily GABA-ergic. |
Anxiolytics | •Prevalence of anxiety disorders •Self-medication: alcohol, barbiturates •Discovery of specific benzodiazepine receptor on GABAacomplex •Valium: potentiates GABA effects (useful: potential drug for epilepsy). |
Models of Drug Use | •The moral model •The disease model: no explanation of how drug use commences •The physical dependence model: but lack of physical withdrawal effects with some drugs •The cellular effects model •The positive reward model •Animal research model |
Positive Rewards Model | Cocaine elevates synaptic DA concentrations leading to the euphoric properties of the drug. After use, DA decreases to below normal levels causing dysphoria and cravings. |
Biological psychology and treatments for drug abuse | •Opiates and naltrexone, methadone •Alcohol and Antabuse •Benzodiazepinesas treatment for withdrawal symptoms •Nicotine gum and patches. |
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