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Ch 18 - Unit 4
Micro ch. 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Components of integumentary system | skin, hair, nails, sweat, oil glands |
| Organs that have direct contact with the environment | skin, eyes, GI Tract |
| Skin barrier defenses | epidermis; keratinized surface, constant sloughing of cells from stratum corneum |
| Skin chemical defenses | oils, sweat (low pH, high salt, lysozyme) |
| Skin antimicrobial substances | sebum, sweat, antimicrobial peptides in epithelial cells |
| Normal biota of the skin | must be able to live in dry, salty conditions; grow in dense populations in moist areas and skin folds or in hair follicles and glandular ducts. In proportion to moisture content of site |
| Normal biota of the skin | Pseudomonas; gram negatives; Staphylococcus; other firmicutes |
| Skin diseases caused by microorganisms | acne, impetigo, cellulitis, gas gangrene, chickenpox, smallpox, measles, rubella, roseola, warts, leishmaniasis, ringworm |
| Acne | caused by Propionibacterium acnes; normal skin microbiota; infects hair follicles. Inflammatory response causes pimples; treated w/ topical antibiotics; diagnosed by clinical picture |
| Impetigo | caused by S. aureus and or S. pyogenes; highly contagious via direct contact; seen more in children due to bad hygiene practices; exotoxin action; causes skin to peel off. |
| S. aureus impetigo | coagulase test can diagnose this type of impetigo because any isolate that coagulates plasma is this bacteria; confirmation via latex bead agglutination, PCR |
| S. pyogenes impetigo | impetigo caused by bacteria that activates plasmin, turning itself into tissue degrader; group A; virulence factors are exoenzymes (hyaluronidase) and exotoxins (superantigens, hemolysins); diagnosed by clinical signs, PCR test |
| Cellulitis | caused by fast spreading infection in dermis and subcutaneous tissues by S. aureus, S. pyogenes, or other bacteria/fungi; causes pain, tenderness, swelling, warmth; lymphangitis often occurs. |
| Coagulase | which of the following enzymes is most specifically associated with Staph aureus? |
| Furuncle | infected hair follicle; abscess formed; also known as boil. Caused by S. aureus |
| Carbuncle | aggregation of furuncles (S. aureus); can be many centimeters in size |
| Erysipelas | subcutaneous infection caused by S. pyogenes; enters via small break in skin; causes inflammation, can spread over a large portion of the body |
| Necrotizing fasciitis | “flesh eating bacteria” caused by S. aureus or S. pyogenes; spreading infection in connective tissue; overlying tissue dies; surgical debridement necessary for treatment |
| Necrotizing fasciitis | which of these is also known as “flesh eating” disease? |
| Scalded skin syndrome | caused by S. aureus; lysogenic conversion; exfoliative toxin causes skin to slough off, leaving pt susceptible to secondary infections |
| Gas gangrene | caused by Clostridium perfringens in soil contaminated wounds; anaerobic bacteria has many exoenzyme spreading factors; tissues die, become anoxic, promoting infection |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | opportunistic pathogen of burn victims |
| Bacillus anthracis | Escher necrotic skin lesion; most common anthrax infections |
| Mycobacterium leprae | causes leprosy (Hansen’s disease); affects cooler body regions (peripheral) |
| More likely to become anaerobic | why are deep puncture wounds more apt to lead to gas gangrene than superficial cuts? |
| Chickenpox (Varicella) | caused by varicella-zoster virus; pathogenesis infection of respiratory tract, easily disseminated, incubates for 10-12 days, pustular centripetal rash; virus may become latent in spinal ganglia (leading to shingles later); zostavax vaccine prevention |
| Droplet contact, inhalation of aerosolized lesion fluid | Chickenpox modes of transmission |
| Shingles (zoster) | caused by reactivation of latent varicella virus; stimulus varies; travels down neurons to skin (dermatomes); can be very painful; treated by Acyclovir promptly |
| Smallpox | caused by Variola major; eradicated worldwide in 1977 (Somalia); quarantine the sick, vaccinate their contacts; results in high fever, blistering rash, 50% fatality; Vaccinia virus (cowpox) used for immunization |
| Droplet contact, indirect contact | Smallpox modes of transmission |
| Measles (Rubeola) | caused by measles virus; highly communicable via droplet contact; virulence is syncytium formation, ability to suppress CMI; MMR vaccination is prevention; Koplik spots, rash starting on head, then spreads to whole body for over a week |
| Koplik’s Spots | early indicator of measles; cluster of white spots often found in mouth |
| Subacute scleorsing panencephalitis (SSPE) | rare complication of measles in young age |
| Rubella (German Measles) | mild rash disease with few complications; two forms—postnatal and congenital; teratogenic virus; transmission in utero; mother can transmit even if asymptomatic; fetal injury varies depending on time of infection |
| Fifth Disease | Erythema infectiosum; “slapped cheek” appearance; spreads on body, most prominent on truck, arms, legs; maculopapular (blotches run together); low grade fever and malaise; transmitted via droplet contact, direct contact |
| Roseola | skin infection common in young children and babies; most cases proceed without rash statge; others result in maculopapular rash; high fever, which usually disappears by fourth day; can remain latent, and rash not always present |
| Scarlet Fever | most often result of respiratory infection of Strep pyogens (strep throat); affected skin will have sandpaper appearance; virulence is erythrogenic toxin |
| Warts | caused by Papilloma virus; over 100 types; cause benign skin growths; spread by direct contact; difficult to grow in culture; usually a self-resolving infection |
| Zostavax | what vaccine would offer the best protection against chickenpox and shingles? |
| Leishmaniasis | Zoonosis transmitted by female sand flies; Several different forms, depending on the species of Leishmania that is involved (Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Espundia, Systemic leishmaniasis) |
| Cutaneous Anthrax | Most common and least dangerous version of infection with Bacillus anthracis; Caused by endospores entering the skin through small cuts or abrasions; Papule that becomes increasingly necrotic then ruptures to form a black eschar |
| Ringworm | fungal infection caused by three different kinds of fungi (trichophyton, microsporum, epidermophyton |
| Dermatophytes | enzymes that digest keratin |
| Tinea Corporis | ringworm infection of smooth skin |
| Tinea Pedis | ringworm infection of athlete’s foot |
| Tinea Capatis | ringworm infection of scalp |
| Tinea Barbae | ringworm infection of beard |
| Tinea Unguium | ringworm infection of nails |
| Tinea Cruris | ringworm infection of groin |
| Exposed surfaces of eye | conjunctiva and cornea |
| Conjunctiva | thin membranelike tissue that covers the eye (except for the cornea) and line the eyelids |
| Cornea | the dome-shaped central portion of the eye lying over the iris |
| Defenses of eye | blinking, tears, lysozymes |
| Normal biota of eye | sparsely populated with S. aureus, S. epidermis, and corynebacterium |
| Conjunctivitis | eye disease; neonatal vertical transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhea; bacterial infection from variety of species; viral infection (pink eye) of adenoviruses and enteroviruses |
| Trachoma | eye infection of Chlamydia trachomatis; chronic infection that can lead to blindness; antibiotic treatment is effective |
| Keratitis | more serious eye infection; causes scarring of the cornea; caused by Herpes keratitis; acanthamoeba |
| Beard | what location is affected by ringworm in Tinea Barbae? |
| River blindness | chronic parasitic (helminthic) infection of the eye; Onchocerca volvulus transmitted by black flies; worms eventually invade the entire eye, producing inflammation and permanent damage to the retina and optic nerve |
Created by:
michellerogers
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