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Geology 101 - 02
Water & Soil
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is ground water? | water held in the pore spaces of bedrock and regolith, in fractures and caves. |
| What is a water table? | depth to saturated zone. often slopes toward stream or lakes often mimics land surface |
| What is porosity? | a measure of the void (i.e., "empty") spaces in a material |
| What is permeability? | a measure of the ability of a porous material (often, a rock or unconsolidated material) to allow fluids to pass through it. |
| What are some examples of high porosity and permeability? | sand sandstone |
| What geologic material would likely produce the most water? | well sorted sand |
| What is meant by groundwater recharge? | after it rains, the water is absorbed into the ground. ->RECHARGE! |
| What is meant by groundwater discharge? | the volumetric flow rate of groundwater through {a rock that holds enough water to be a useful water source (aquifer) |
| Compare an aquitard and an aquifer. | An aquitard is a rock that may store lots of water but flow is slow (low permeability). ex. shale Aquifer is a rock that holds enough water and transmits it r5apidly enough to be useful as a source of water ex. sandstone |
| What are some consequences of groundwater withdrawl? | compaction, saltwater intrusion, and surface subsidence |
| What are the two major zones of underground water? | vadose zone phreatic zone |
| Groundwater typically is found as.... | water around individual grains and in fractures |
| Artesian conditions require.... | a confined aquifer |
| What is soil? | the accumulation of rock and mineral fragments and organic matter formed in place at earth's surface **must be capable of supporting plant life |
| What processes form soil? | physical chemical biological weathering |
| Soils are formed by a series of processes commonly referred to as.... | weathering |
| What are the controls on soil consumption? On soil's physical properties? | Soil composition - composition of material from which it formed & the extent and balance of weathering processes Physical properties - mineralogy, texture, organic matter present |
| What can we learn from evaluating the color of soil? | how much organic matter it has Black/brown - rich White/grey - poor yellow/red - oxidized iron present |
| What causes soil erosion? What are some of the consequences of soil erosion? | erosion is physical removal of material from one place to another. It is caused by water, wind, urbanization, and strip mining. Some consequences are that farming becomes difficult and there is sediment pollution in lakes and streams |
| What can we do to minimize soil erosion? | decreasing slope of land, keeping vegetation in place |
| How much minerals, metals and fuels do Americans use in their lifetime? | 3.7 million pounds |
| What is ore? What are 2 factors needed to determine the profitability of mining ore? | a valuable metal that occurs at a concentration sufficiently high to make it economically worth mining -value of the mineral / metal extracted -concentration in the ore (higher conc. = richer the ore) |
| When production of minerals fall short of consumption, what must the US do to meet domestics needs? | import!!! |
Created by:
fiddlephreak
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