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Physical Geology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anticline | A fold that dips AWAY from the axis |
| Syncline | A fold that dips TOWARDS the axis |
| Axial Plane | Sufrace that connects the Axes of a fold |
| Elastic Deformation | A rock will return to its original shape when stress is relaxed |
| 2 ways glaciers move | sliding along base & plastic flow in bottom part of glacier |
| What is indicated by POLAR WANDERING PATHS? | Continents have changed position over time. |
| Why is the oldest oceanic crust from the triassic period? | all the older oceanic crust has been subducted. |
| Benioff Zone | A region of earthquakes associated with an OCEANIC TRENCH |
| What is the only area of Texas with a significant risk of earthquakes according to the SEISMIC HAZARD MAP? | Rio Grande Rift |
| What is the only continent with an existing continental glacier/ ice sheet today? | Greenland Nigga |
| 3 types of stress that pull apart, push together or slide rocks past each other: | Tension (Pull Apart),Sheer (Slide Past), Compression(Push Together) |
| Where is the zone of saturation located? | @ the top of the water table. |
| Receding Glacier | A glacier whose terminus will retreat over time |
| Terminus (ice front) | Leading edge of glacier |
| zone of ablation | Place where ice melts/sublimates faster than it accumulates |
| zone of accumulation | Area where more snow falls in winder than melts away in summer (place where glaciers form) |
| Continental Glacier (ice sheet) | Largest ice formation |
| Polar Ice Cap | a large mass of ice above a certain latitude |
| ice shelf | a glacier that extends out over the ocean's surface |
| Iceberg | Floating glacier |
| 2 basic types of Glaciers | Valley (alpine) Glaciers & Continental (ice sheet) Glaciers |
| Glacier | Large mass of ice on land, in motion by slowly flowing in response to gravity |
| Advancing Glacier | A glacier whose terminus is advancing over time |
| Basal Slip | Ice sliding along the bedrock below the glacier |
| Plastic Flow | Slow shearing by slip between ice crystals |
| Crevass | Crack in ridgid upper ice caused by a glacier riding over high spot in the bedrock |
| Cirque | Bowl Shaped hollow formed at the head of a glacier |
| Horn | Jagged mountain peak |
| Striations | Large gooved, scratches and polishing of bedrock produced by rocks carried in glcial ice. |
| U-Shaped Valley | Steep-Walled Valley produced by glacial erosion |
| Hanging Valleys | Form where a glacier carves off the lower parts of tributary valleys, leaving them "hanging" above the main valley |
| Moraines | Distinctive belts of sediment formed when ice melts and deposits materials that the glacier eroded. |
| Till | Poorly sorted rock debris |
| Rock Flour | Fine powder formed by the pulverizing of rock by glaciers |
| Ice Age | Long term reduction in earths temperature causes ice to cover much of the land surface. |
| Pleistocene Epoch | most recent ice age occured during this time |
| Glacial Stage | Period of climate cooling resulting in advancing and expansion of glaciers |
| Interglacial stage | Period of climate warming, receding glaciers and retreating ice caps |
| Milankovitch Cycle | Cyclic changes in the Earth's Orbit that drive the advance/retreat of ice caps |
| Iceberg Calving | process in which glaciers break off to form icebergs |
| Surge | Sudden period of fast movement of a valley glacier |
| Outwash | drift that has been sorted and distributed by meltwater streams |
| Drumilin | Large streamlined hill of till, and bedrock parallel to the direction of ice movement |
| Kettle | Hollow/ undrained depression |
| Esker | Long narrow, winding ridges of sand and gravel found in the middle of morraines |
| Permafrost | Perennially frozen soil |
| Tillites | Glacial striations and lithified ancient tills (proof that glaciers covered parts of the continents several times in the geologic past) |
| Strike | Compass Direction of a rock layer as it intersects w/ a horizontal surface |
| Dip | Ammount of tilting: Angle at which the bed inclines from the horizontal measured at right angle so the strike |
| Properties of Marble under low and high pressure compressional stress | Brittle at low press, ductile at high pressure |
| Dip/Slip Fault (Normal Fault) | relative movement of the blocks up or down the dip of the fault plane |
| Strike/Slip Fault | Movemnt is horizontal; (parallel to the strike of the fault plane) |
| Thrust Fault | Low angle reverse fault (dip is <45 degrees |
| Dome | Anticlinal structure formed by upward bulge of rock layers |
| Basin | Synclinal Structure formed by depression of rock layers |
| Joint | A crack along which there has been NO apparent Movement |
| Alfred Wegener | Father of Plate Techtonics |
| Paleoclimatic evidence of Plate techtonics | Apparent latitudinal climatic belts now found on continents well outside that latitude |
| Polar Wandering (Paleomagnetism) | north pole's constant shifting relative to axis of rotation |
| Mid-Ocean Ridge | Zone where new oceanic crust is generated by escaping magma cooling at ocean bottom |
| Oceanic Trench | Area where old crust is destroyed (subduction zone) |
| Magentic Polarity Reversals | Periodic reversal of earth's magnetic field |
| Sea Floor Magnetic Anomalies | Belts of magnetized sea floor that PARALLEL the mid-ocean ridges |
| Wilson (Super Continent) Cycle | Continents have merged to form large land masses and seperated into smaller land masses multiple times in earth's history |
| Mantle Plume | an upwelling of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle |
| Doming | Result of Mantle Plume |
| Continental Collosion (acreation) | Begins when subduction intitiates and forms accretionary wedge or oceanic trench |
| Orogenic Belt | A linear series of Mountain Ranges formed by compressional stress from plate convergence |
| Suture Zone | Where two continents converge along a subduction zone and the continental crust resists subduction causing both continental margins to collapse within the growing orogenic belt |
| Island Arc\ | A chain of volcanoes on the seafloor behind a trench (ex: aleution islands) |
| Transform Fault | Boundry along which plates slide past each other |
| Relative Plate Velocity | Velocity at which one plate moves relative to another |
| geodesy | anchient sceince of measuring the shape of the earth and locating points on its surface |
| isochron | contour that connects rocks of equal ages |
| Rodina | Earlier Supercontinent (before pangea) |
| Porosity | Volume % of the material that is made of open space (pores) |
| Permeability | Capacity of Materal to allow water to flow through it |
| Aquifers | Rock Layers that store and transmit substantial groundwater (sedimentary) |
| Aquiclide | Impremial layers that allow limited/no water movement |
| Unsaturated zone | upper part of an aquifer (pore spaces contain both water and air) |
| Saturated Zone | Lower part of aquifer (pore spaces completely filled by water) |
| Discharge | Flow from aquifers to land surface |
| Effluent Stream | "Gaining Stream" located at discharge zones |
| Influent Stream | "Losing Stream" located at recharge zones |
| Unconfined Aquifer | Recharge zone is distributed broadly over most of its surface |
| Confined Aquifer | Very limited recharge zone |
| Artesian Flow | Flow under pressure |
| Artesian Well | Naturally pressurized well |
| Perched Aquifer | Above water table and resting on an aquiclude |
| karst topography | entire landscape lowered by collapsed caverns (sinkholes) |
| channels | narrow depression eroded by and usually containng flowing surface water (rivers, streams, creeks) |
| Trunk stream | Main channel of a stream (fed by tributaries) |
| floodplain | Part of the valley that will be submerged by water during floods |
| Continental Divide | Drainage Divide that seperates runnoff flowing into different oceans |
| Dentritic Drainage Pattern | channels branch off at acute angles (life veins in a leaf) |
| Rectangular Drainage Pattern | Channels branch off @ right angle to trunk stream |
| Trellis Drainage Pattern | Long parallel channels with short branches |
| Radial Drainage Pattern | Channels diverge from a central point |
| Bed Load | Large particles carried along by rolling, bouncing or sliding along bed of a channel |
| Suspended Load | Small Particles that are held up and carried by drifting in the water |
| Gradient | Degree of downstream slope of a channel |
| mouth | point where river empties into ocean |
| longitudinal profile | a concave-up curve showing the change in elevation from a river's headwaters to its mouth |
| Discharge | Volume of water passing a given point in a given time in a river (changes with rainfall, snow melt, climate change) |
| Braided Stream Channel | Multiple active channels that shift quickly (often formed by high stream gradients, abundant bedload and ephemeral discharge) |
| Meandering Stream | One active sinuous channel that shifts slowly |
| Alluvial Fan | Occurs @ pt. where stream abbruptly changes its gradient (ie exiting a mt. range): Results in RAPID deposition of bedload |
| Delta | Point where river empties into ocean and deposited suspended load accumulates |
| hydrology | Study of the movements and characteristics of water on earth |
| relative humidity | ammount of water vapor in the air |
| Aquifer | Beds that store and transmit groundwater in sufficient quantity to supply wells |
| Artesian Flow | Water moving in a confined aquifer under pressure |
| hydraulic gradient | ratio between the elevation difference and the flow difference |
| Darcy's Law | Quantifies the relationship between flow rate and hydraulic gradient |
| Point Bar | Curved sandbars deposited along the inside of banks where the current is slower |
| oxbow lake | crescent shaped, water-filled loop |
| Liminar Flow | streamlines run parallel to each others |
| Competence | A flow's ability to carry material of a given size |
| Capacity | Total sediment load carried by its flow |
| Saltation | intermittent jumping motion along the streambed |
| Ripples | Small Dunes |
| Distributaries | Smaller streams that recieve water and sediment from the main channel |
| Terraces | Flat, steplike serfaces that line the stream above the floodplain |
| Focus | Pint of origin of an earthquake inside earth |
| Epicenter | Point on surface above focus |
| P-Wave | Compressional (expands and compresses rock |
| S-Wave | Sheer Wave: displaces rock perpendicular to direction that they travel |
| Which wave is faster? | P-Wave |
| Travel-Time Curve | Used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake |
| Richter Scale | Numberical value |
| Mercali Scale | Measured by damage produced |
| Fault Mechanism | sense of movement on a fault resulting from an earthquake |
| Seismic Hazard Map | predicts the likelihood of earthquakes depending on proximity to active faults based on population and building vulnerability |
| Most likely zones of earthquake activity in US | Rocky Mt. Overthrust belt, San Andreas fault zone, Rio Grande rift zone Anchient buried faults in the Mississippi valley & Atl. Coast |
| Remnant Magnetism | When a rock cystalizes, it preserves a remnant of earth's magnetic field |
| Benioff Zone | Zone of earthquake activity that defines a line from shallow to deep (occurs at subduction zone) |
| Fjord | Flooded Glacial Valley |
| Accretionary Wedge | the collection of sediments, the top layer of material on a tectonic plate, that accumulate and deform where oceanic and continental plates collide. |
Created by:
derekabc123
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