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Biology Assessment
Pre-Ap Biology 9th grade study guide and vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| peer feedback | to obtain from review and discussion of the problem. |
| scientific method | to follow certian steps in their a scientist's attemp to solve problems. |
| problem | is the question to solve. |
| hypothesis | prediction of the possible outcome of an experiment based upon research and observation by the scientist. |
| experimental desighn | tests the hypothesis. |
| control group | contains all the parts of the experiment exept the factor being tested. |
| variable group (experimental group) | contains all the factors of the control group as well as the factor beign tested. |
| independent variable | variable which is changed or maniulated by the investigator. |
| dependent variable | variable which is influenced by changes in the independent variable. |
| results and data | orginzing the data you have collected after the experiment. |
| conclusion | an investigation may be to form a conclusion based upon the data. |
| peer review | when a scientist communicates the results of his/her experiment with other scientists. it is important to accept the results of judgement. |
| bias | to have an oppinion about the investigation which will lead to misinterperation or manipulation of the data obtained in the experiment. |
| pie graph | displays parts of a whole |
| line graph | compare diffrent sets of related data. |
| bar graph | it takes several mesurments of different items and making a comparison. |
| histrogam | involves one variable which is compared. |
| compound microscope | to look at microscopic specimens. |
| dissection microscope | looking at three dimensional specimens larger than the naked eye. |
| stereo microscope | a microscope that only observes opaque objects (objects that dont have light pass through). |
| light microscope | it is to observemicroscopic specimens that are translucent (allows light to pass), and has more than one eyepeice. |
| parts of microscope | eyepeice, body, adjusment knob, nosepeice, objectives, diaphragm, mirror, base, stage clip, inclination joint. |
| triple beam balance | commonly used to measure mass. |
| meniscus | bottom of the curved line on a tube. |
| ruler | tool to measure. duh? |
| total magnification | total magnification is equal to the power of the eyepiece |
| lab safety rules | close toed shoes, dont touch, taste, smell anything unless told to, blah blah blah... |
| indications | are substances which are used which are sued to provide information about the classfification of a particular substance. |
| dichotomous key | used to provide a method of sorting categories. |
| dissection | represenative plant and animal in classification of another substance. |
| pH scale | any substance used to assist in the classification of another substance. |
| bases (alkalis) | are common substances studied in science. |
| litmus paper | turns red or a shade of red in acids. |
| pH paper | indication of a pH level substance. |
| bromthymol blue | is a brown solution which turns black in the resence of starches. |
| Benedicts solution | is used to detect presence of simple sugars such as glucose. |
| lugols iodine solution | is a good stain to make the nuclei of plant cells stand out more prominently. |
| methylene blue solution | making their nuclei and outlines much more visible. |
| life processes | living things that carry out almost all the life processes or activities. |
| metabolism | the sum of the energy used in all the life processes. |
| equilibruim (homeostatis) | the ability to carry on the life processes |
| dynamic equilibrium (homeostatis) | the components of living things in humans and other organisms, from organ systems to cell organelles, interact to maintain a balanced internal enviorment. |
| organelles | single-celled organisms perform all of the life prcesses needed to maintain homeostatis. |
| tissue | a group of cells with similar functions |
| organs | groups of tissues working together to perform a common function. |
| cell | simplest level of orginzation. |
| organ system | organs working together to perform a common function. |
| prokaryotic | lack of nucleus and other organelles. |
| eukaryotic | found in organisms from the domain eukarya, fungi, plants and animals. |
| enzymes | enzymes are needed for the chemical reactions involved in cellular life processes to occur. |
| nucleus | directs the synthesis of proteins by the cell, contolls the cell wall. |
| mitochondrion | carries on the process of cell respiration converting glucose to ATP energy the cell can use. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transports channels within the cell |
| ribosomes | found on the endoplasmic reticulum and free within the cell, responsible for the synthesis of proteins for the cell. |
| cell membrane | selectively regulates the materials moving moving to and from the cell. |
| food vacuole | stores and digests food. |
| contractile vacuole | found in mny single celled aquatic organisms, pums out wastes and excess water from the cell. |
| chloroplast | found in plant cells and algae, carries on the process of photosynthesis |
| cell wall | surrounds and supports plant cells. |
| digestion | breaking down food. |
| circulation | the movement of materials within an organism or its cells |
| movement (locomotion) | change in position by a living thing. |
| excretion | removal of cellular waste products by an organism. |
| respiration | process which converts the energy in food to ATP. |
| immunity | the ability f an organism to resist disease causing organisms (pathogens) and foreign invaders. |
| coordination | the control of the various activities of an organism. |
| synthesis | the production of more complex substances by combining two or more simpler substances. |
| DNA | molecule contains the instructions that direct the cels behavior hrough the synthesis of proteins. |
| hormone | chemical messenger with a specific shape that travels through the bloodstream targeting another target cell or target organ. |
| progesterone | maintains the thickness of the uterus lining. |
| dendrite | neuron branch which detects stimuli |
| cyton | cell body of the neuron where normal metabolic activities occur. |
| axon | longest dentrite covered by a mythlin sheath which provides electrical insulation, carries nerve message or impulse to the terminal branches. |
| terminal branches | release nerve chemicals called neurotransmitters which stimulate adjacent dendrites on the next neuron or a muscle cell. |
| cell membrane (plasma membrane) | separation of the cell from its outside enviorment, controlling which molecules enter and leave the cell, recognition of chemmical signals. |
| diffusion (passive transport) | the movement of materials from a region of higher to a reigon of higher to a lower substance concentration. |
| active transport | molecules move from a reigon of lower concentration to a reigon of higher concentration. |
| photosynthesis | converts sun energy to sugars which lilving things may use as an energy source. |
| equation for photosynthesis | carbon dioxide+water = glucose+oxygen (sunlight) (enzymes) |
| chlorophylls | the variety of green igments within the chloroplasts. |
| chromatography | chlorophyll and colored pigments may be seperated according to their various chemical charges by a technique. |
| stomate | a microscopic hole in a in a plant leaf which allows gases to enter and leave and water vapor to leave as well. Stomata is the plural of stomate. |
| guard cells | open and close the stomate. |
| respiration | the process of making other molecules. |
| equations for cell respiration | glucose+oxygen = carbon dioxide+water+36 ATP |
| ADP | ademsoine diphosphate |
| hydrolysis | reaction in which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules. |
| synthesis | combining of simpler molecules to form a more complex molecule. |
| hormones and antibodies | secreted compounds, as insulin or thyroxine |
| catalyst | inorganic or organic substance which speeds upu teh rate of a chemical reaction without entering the reaction itself. |
| enzymes | organic catalyst made of protein. |
| substrate | molecules upon which an enyme acts. |
| pH | the optimum in most things close to seven(neutral). High to low pH levels usually slow enzyme activity. |
| temprature | strongly influences enzyme activity. |
| asexual reproduction | produces genetically identical offspring from a single parent cell. |
| mitosis | assosiated with asexual reprodution and the growth and repair of cells in sexually reproducing organisms. |
| binary fission | involves an equal division of both the organism cytoplasm and nucleus to form two identical organisms. |
| budding | involves one parent dividing its nucleus equally, but cytoplasm unequally. |
| sporulation | is reprodution involving specialized single cells coming from one parent. |
| cloning | is the production of identical genetic copies. |
| mitosis | assosiated with asexual reproduction, growth, and repair in sexually reproducing organisms. |
| interphase | 1.) the first growth phase 2.) it grows, and when it gets the signl to divide, it is called synthesis. |
| DNA replication | separating the double helix, complimentary nucleotides finding their match. |
| DNA forming cycle | prophase, metaohase, anaphase, telophase. |
| chromatin | condenses and coils up into chromosomes. |
| heredity | the passage of these instructions from one generation to another. |
| sexual reproduction | doing it? |
| trophic levels | steps in a food chain or web. about 10% of the energy transfers to the next level. |
| angiosperms | flowering vascular plants. flower is sthere main productive organ and seeds are enclosed within a fruit. |
| insects | transport though open circulatory system. produce sexually, and develop through metamorphosis. |
| annelids | worms. transport through closed circulatory systems and reproduce asexually. |
| amphibians | transport through closed circulatory systems. gas exchange in young with adult lungs. |
| mammals | transport through closed circulatory systems. gas exchange through lungs. reproduce sexually. |
| viruses | not considered living things. can mutate to resist vaccines. |
| genetic disorders and the environment | diseases have both genetic and environmental factors. (cancer, diabetes) |
| immune response | body's protection |
| b-cells | fight antigens, makes antibodies, make memory cells after exposure to antigen. |
| t-cells | fight pathogens inside living cells, make antibodies, and make memory cells after exposure to pathogen. |
| immunity | passive immunity (antibodies from mother to child), active immunity (vaccines, etc.) |
| parasite | bugs that harm your body from the inside and/or out |
| ecosystems | the system of nonliving and living things |
| symbiotic relationship | relationship between two organisms in which one benefits |
| predation | predator and prey evolve in response to each other. |
| carrying capacity | amount of organisms an ecosystem can provide. |
| carbon cycle | is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere in the earth. |
| human population | growth=birth rate- death rate |
| human impacts | good: reforestation, cover cropping, recycling, sustainable practice. Negative: acid rain, deforestation, habitat destruction, invasive species, ozone depletion. |
| global warming | the heating up of the atmosphere caused by released carbons in the air. |
| bio accumulation | increase in toxins which harm animals |
| innate behaviors | behaviors animals are born with |
| learned behavior | behavior animals learn during its lifetime |
| social behavior | communication between individuals of the same species |
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