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Test_003
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called? | Ependymal cells |
| Ependymal Cells-CNS | line the central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain. secrete CSF. have cilia or microvilli that circulate CSF. monitor CSF. contain stem cell for repair |
| Astrocytes-CNS | maintain blood-brain barrier. repairs damaged neural tissue. guide neuron development. |
| Oligodendrocytes-CNS | wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths |
| Microglia-CNS | migrate through neural tissue. they clean up cellular debris, waste products and pathogens. |
| Satellite Cells-PNS | regulate environment around neuron. EX: oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, nutrients, neurotransmitter levels |
| Schwann Cells-PNS | form myelin sheath around peripheral axons |
| Schwann cells are functionally similar to | oligodendrocytes |
| When a second EPSP arrivesat a single synapse before the effects of the first one have disappeared, what occurs? | Temporal Summation |
| Which of the following are a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? | Satellite and Schwann cells |
| Raising the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular fluid surrounding a cell or nerve cell will have which effect? | depolarize |
| Which description is NOT correctly matched to the tissue? | Skeletal muscle-always attached to bones. |
| Which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS? | GABA |
| Norepinephrine(NE) | released by adernergic synapses. Excitatory and depolarizing effect in brain and ANS |
| Dopamine | A CNS neurotransmitter. May be excitatory or inhibitory. |
| Serotonin | A CNS nerotransmitter. Affects attention and emotional states. |
| Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) | inhibitory effect that functions in the CNS |
| Direct effects on membrane channels: | ACh, Glu, Asp |
| Indirect effects via G proteins: | Epi, NorEpi, Dopamine, Hist, GABA |
| Indirect effects via intracellular enzymes | lipid-soluble gases like NO and CO |
| Temporal Summation | Multiple times-Rapid, repeated stimuli at one synapse |
| Spatial Summation | Multiple locations-many stimuli, arrive at multiple synapses |
| Calcium is important in the synapse because it ____? | |
| it allows myosin to bind to actin. | |
| Tetrodotoxin is a toxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium channels. What effect does this substance have on the function of neurons? | The neuron is not able to propagate action potentials. BECAUSE K+ channels are voltage-gated and they will be unable to open, thus repolarization cannot occur. |
| Inhibitory neurotransmitters of the CNS act by opening______channels. | K+ |
| Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) result in | local hyperpolarizations |
| The neurotransmitter thought to be involved in learning and memory is________. | glutamate |
| Muscles have one fixed point of attachment called the________and one moving point of attachment called the__________. | Origin and Insertion |
| Innactivation of Na+ is important because? | so that no action potential can happen. |
| Multiple sclerosis, is a diseases in which the myelin sheaths are destroyed. What would be the consequence? | Nerve impulse propagation would slow down. |
| Myelin | makes nerve appear white. it insulates myelinated nerves and it increases the action potential's speed |
| Chicken legs are mostly composed of | slow fibers |
| Fast Fibers | contract very quickly. they ahve a large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria. have strong contractions so they fatigue quickly. EX:chicken breast, strength training. |
| Slow Fibers | they are slow to contract and slow to fatigue. they have a high oxygen supply and contain myoglobin. they have a small diameter and more mitochondria. EX: chicken legs, running a marathon |
| Myoglobin | stores oxygen in the muscle cells |
| The same__________can have different effects depending on the properties of the___________. | neurotransmitter, receptor |
| If a second stimulus arrives before relaxation phase has ended, a second more powerful contraction occurs. This is called_________. | wave summation |
| Treppe | repeated stimulations immediately after relaxation phase |
| Incomplete Tetanus | sustained but wavering contraction |
| Complete Tetanus | if stimulation frequency is high enough, muscle never begins to relax, and is in continuous contraction. |
| Isotonic Contraction | skeletal muscle changes length resulting in motion |
| Isometric Contraction | skeletal muscle develops tension, but is prevented from changing length |
| How would the loss of acetylcholinesterase from the motor end plate affect skeletal muscle? | It would cause spastic paralysis->when muscles are contracted but unable to relax. |
| Graded potentials may | initiate an action potential, depolarize the membrane to the threshold voltage, hyperpolarize the membrane |
| 22. In the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated________channels open,_______ions enter the cell. | Cl- |
| Long Reflexes | include the CNS |
| Short Reflexes | bypass the CNS |
| Carotid bodies | monitor stuff going to the brain |
| Aortic bodies | monitor stuff going to the body |
| BONUS | Alligators cannot shiver, thus cannor warm up when its cold. |
| Olfaction | Chemoreceptors |
| Gustation | Chemoreceptors |
| BONUS | homunculus means little man |
| Thalamus | the translation or relay center |
| No pain | the red neuron inhibits the white one |
| Strong pain | the red neuron is inhibited-brain |
| Touching | Strong pain will not be perceived as strongly by the brain if there is touch at different place than the pain site. |
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