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FN Final HT
Hypothalamus
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The major function of the HT is to regulate/coordinate what three systems | autonomic, endocrine, somatic motor |
| Which three boundaries of the HT are distinct | anterior, posterior, and lateral |
| What are the three major divisions of the the anterior-posterior dimension of the HT | Chiasmatic, Tuberal, Mammillary |
| What structure marks the chiasmatic region | optic chiasm |
| what structure marks the tuberal region | infundibulum |
| what structure marks the mammillary region | mammillary body |
| What are the 5 sections that make up the chiasmatic region | preoptic, supraoptic, suprachiasmatic, anterion paraventricular |
| What are the 4 sections that make up the tuberal region | dorsal, dorsomedial, ventromedial, arcuate |
| What are the 2 sections that make up the Mammillary region | mammillary body, posterior |
| What are the 3 major subdivisions in the meiolateral dimensions of the HT | periventricular nucleus, medial, lateral hypothalamic area |
| The periventricular nucleus lies along what structure | the third ventricle |
| The LHA area lies lateral to the ? and is penetrated by | fornix, axons of the MFB |
| The MFB relays info between what three structures | HT, cortex , brainstem |
| MFB supports what? | self-stimulation in animals |
| Why does the LHA not qualify as a nucleus? | it has elements of Reticular Formation type cells as well |
| afferent for arousal | reticular formation |
| efferent for arousal | reticular formation |
| affernt for visceral sensory info | Nucleus of the solitary tract (NOT) |
| effernt for visceral sensory info | NOT |
| afferent for circadian rhythms | retina |
| efferent for circadian rhythms | none |
| afferent for olfactory experience | olfactory bulb and cortex |
| effernt for olfactory experience | none |
| afferent for emontions and memory | amygdala and hippocampus |
| effernt for emotions and memory | amygdala and hippocampus |
| afferent for emotions | cingulate cortex/septum |
| efferent for emotions | cingulate cortex/septum |
| afferent for memory | none |
| efferent for memory | thalamus |
| afferent for multimodal, processed sensory | prefrontal cortex |
| efferent for multimodal, processed sensory | prefronatl cortex |
| afferent for visceral MOTOR | none |
| efferent for visceral motor | preganglionic neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord |
| afferent for endocrine;regulatory | ciruclation, circumventricular organs (CVO) |
| efferent for endocrine;regulatory | pituitary |
| which major afferent arise from the brainsem? | reticular formation, NOT, monoamine neurons |
| reiticular formation neurons travel via ? to reach the HT | dorsal longitudinal fasiculus |
| monoamine neurons travel from ? to reach the HT | locus coeruleus |
| NE comes from | locus coeruleus |
| serotonin comes from | raphe nuclei |
| which two efferents relay unporcessed sensory info? | retina, olfactory bulb and cortex |
| the retina projects to which specific nucleus of the HT | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| what are the 3 sources of highly processed sensory information that reaches the HT | amygdala and hippocampus, cingulate cortex, PFC |
| the cingulate cortex reaches the HT via? | the septum |
| The HT regulates autonomic outflow via? | direct projections to the preganglionic sym and parasym neuons in the brainstem and spinal cord |
| The pregaglionic symp and parasymp neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord travel in the ? | dorsal longitudinal fasciculus |
| Which 4 afferents to the HT are reciprocal? | amygdala, hippocampus, PFC, Reticular formation |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for thermoregulation (heat loss); sexual behavior? | anterior of the chiasmatic region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for projections to the brainstem and spinal cord; projections to the posterior pituitary? | paraventricular of the chiasmatic region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for thermoregulatoin (heat loss); sexual behavioir; sleep regulation | preoptic of the chiasmatic region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for circadian rhythm regulation | suprachiasmatic of the chiasmatic region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for projections to the posterior pituitary | supraoptic of the chiasmatic region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for control of th eanterior pituitary; food intake | arcuate of the tuberal region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for projections to the brainstem and spinal cord; food intake; emotional behavior | dorsomedial of the tuberal region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for projections to the brainstem and spinal cord; food intak; emotional behavior | ventromedial of the tuberal region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for part of the memory circuitry; sleep regulation | mammillary of the mammillary region |
| Which HT region and specific nuclesu is responsible for projections to tbrainstem and spinal cord; thermorgulation (heat conservation) | posterior of the mammillary region |
| stimulation within the ventromedial and ? can elicit ? | lateral ht/ rage reactions |
| What is the name of the old view of the feeding behavior | dual center hypothesis |
| lesions of the VMH leads to | hyperphagia |
| the VMH was once suggested to be a | satiety center |
| leasions of the LHA can lead to? | anorexia |
| the LHA was once suggested to be a | hunger center |
| a hormone released from the gut and adipose tissue that activates cells in the ??? | leptin/ arcuate, VMH, and DMH |
| The VMH DMH and arcuate activate the ? which has projections to the ? which causes | PVH/ brainstem and spinal cord/ reduction in eating |
| The LHA contains what two hunger signals | orexin and MCH |
| 3 Short term signals that affect eating and where do they act? | pyy, insulin, ghrelin arcuate nucleus of the tuberal region |
| short term factors act where to to stimulate feeding? | LHA |
| short term factors act where to inhibit feeding | VMH |
| Where are high concentrations of androgen receptors found? | anterior preoptic area of the chiasmatic region |
| What important structure for sexual behavior lies in the preoptic area of the chiasmatic region? | sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) |
| The size of the SDN-POA correlates with what? | testosterone levels |
| The SDN-POA is in rats, what is the associated structure in humans? | interstitial nuclei of the anterior HT (INAH3) |
| What is another name for the pituitary gland | hypophysis |
| What is another name for the anterior pituitary? | adenohypophysis |
| What is another name for the posterior pituitary? | neurohypophysis |
| Magnocellular neurons are found in what 2 locations? | paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic of the chiasmatic region |
| What do magnocellular cells do? | convert neural/electrical signals to hormonal signals |
| what causes uterine contraction and milk ejection reflex in females? | oxytocin |
| what is responsible for contraction of vascular smooth muscle and is also an anti-diuretic? | VP |
| 3 locations of osmoreceptors | supraoptic, paraventricular, circumventricular organs |
| 2 cicumventricular organs | subfornical organ, oraganum vasculosum |
| increased discharge of neurons from what 2 regions causes the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary | SON and PVN |
| What disease can result from a lesion of the posterior pituitary | diabetes insipidus |
| The adenohypophysis contains what type of cells and from where | epithelial cells from the primitive gut |
| The cells of the adenohypophysis are under the control of? | hypothalamic releasing hormones |
| Hypothalamic control of the anterior pituitary occurs via | hypophyseal portal blood supply |
| The superior hypopysial artery forms a capillary bed withing the ? | median eminence |
| Which hormone from the anterior pituitary acts on the thyroid? | TSH |
| Which hormones from the anterior pituitary acts on milk production | prolactin and oxytocin |
| Which hormone from the anterior pituitary acts on the kidneys | ADH |
| artery > ? > primary portal vein> ? > secondary portal vein | median eminence capillaries/ anterior pituitary capillaries |
| cells in the anterior ht respond to ? temperature to stimulate ? | increased temp/ heat loss |
| cells in the posterior ht respond to ? temperature to stimulate? | decreased temp/ heat production and conservatoin |
Created by:
crd36
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